{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T08:04:59Z","timestamp":1784880299561,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Intestinal ultrasound (IUS) is a non-invasive and reliable technique for the assessment and monitoring of ulcerative colitis (UC) in the era of tight disease control, although its accuracy is reduced for rectal evaluation. Its utility is further enhanced by transperineal ultrasonography (TPUS) and has also been demonstrated in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) and in the postoperative assessment of ileal pouch function. Methods: We performed a narrative review on the emerging applications of IUS in UC with the findings obtained from research on the abovementioned topic on the PubMed database. Our search terms were \u201cinflammatory bowel disease\u201d, \u201cIBD\u201d, \u201culcerative colitis\u201d, \u201cintestinal ultrasound\u201d, \u201cTPUS\u201d, \u201cHH\u201d, \u201cpoint of care ultrasound\u201d, and \u201cbowel ultrasound\u201d. Results: IUS can assess UC disease activity and could be used in monitoring treatment response. Rectal assessment may represent a limitation of standard IUS, but the use of TPUS can overcome this issue, thus also allowing pouch evaluation after surgery. Another emerging application of IUS is in ASUC, a potential life-threatening condition where complete endoscopic assessment may not be feasible, so IUS could be a valid technique to assess disease extension and, in the first days, response to rescue therapy. Moreover, the use of hand-held sonography (HH), with portable ultrasonographic devices allowing point-of-care, bedside examination in various settings, is rising, showing accuracy comparable to standard techniques. Conclusions: IUS is emerging as a valuable tool in the management of patients with UC and could be an attractive option for point-of-care evaluation in the diagnosis, monitoring and prediction of long-term disease course, even after surgery or in the setting of ASUC. Complementary tools, such as TPUS and hand-held ultrasound, represent promising technologies, requiring prospective multicenter validation before routine clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16152319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T07:36:13Z","timestamp":1784878573000},"page":"2319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Emerging Role of Ultrasonography in Ulcerative Colitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4328-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Testa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6485-2631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Bonacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rispo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia Dalila","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9554-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga Maria","family":"Nardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felice","family":"Imoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Petolicchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"D\u2019Orsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1099-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Castiglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00360-x","article-title":"The four epidemiological stages in the global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.031","article-title":"STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target strategies in IBD","volume":"160","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy113","article-title":"ECCO-ESGAR Guideline for Diagnostic Assessment in IBD Part 1: Initial Diagnosis, Monitoring of Known IBD, Detection of Complications","volume":"13","author":"Maaser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx008","article-title":"Third European Evidence-based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Part 1: Definitions, Diagnosis, Extra-intestinal Manifestations, Pregnancy, Cancer Surveillance, Surgery, and Ileo-anal Pouch Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Magro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326562","article-title":"Recent advances in clinical practice: Advances in cross-sectional imaging in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"71","author":"Rimola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab175","article-title":"Point-of-care Intestinal Ultrasound in IBD Patients: Disease Management and Diagnostic Yield in a Real-world Cohort and Proposal of a Point-of-care Algorithm","volume":"16","author":"Bots","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00418-4","article-title":"Point-of-care intestinal ultrasonography in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Verstockt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nardone, O.M., Calabrese, G., Testa, A., Caiazzo, A., Fierro, G., Rispo, A., and Castiglione, F. (2022). The Impact of Intestinal Ultrasound on the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Established Facts Toward New Horizons. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.898092"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad024","article-title":"Hocus Pocus: The Role of Hand-held Ultrasonography in Predicting Disease Extension and Endoscopic Activity in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"17","author":"Rispo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.07.067","article-title":"Accuracy of Ultrasound for Evaluation of Colorectal Segments in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Sagami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2025.102057","article-title":"A comprehensive guide to intestinal ultrasound in ulcerative colitis","volume":"78","author":"Mignini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Josefsen, S., Larsen, T.R., Wilkens, R., Seidelin, J.B., Burisch, J., Attauabi, M., and Bjerrum, J.T. (2025). Transabdominal Intestinal Ultrasonography in Monitoring and Predicting Outcomes in Ulcerative Colitis-A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010035"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jjaf106","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf106","article-title":"ECCO-ESGAR-ESP-IBUS Guideline on Diagnostics and Monitoring of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Part 1: Initial diagnosis, monitoring of known inflammatory bowel disease, detection of complications","volume":"19","author":"Kucharzik","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa216","article-title":"Expert Consensus on Optimal Acquisition and Development of the International Bowel Ultrasound Segmental Activity Score [IBUS-SAS]: A Reliability and Inter-rater Variability Study on Intestinal Ultrasonography in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Novak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"495","article-title":"Diagnosis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease by ultrasonography","volume":"37","author":"Limberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy107","article-title":"Accuracy of Humanitas Ultrasound Criteria in Assessing Disease Activity and Severity in Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Study","volume":"12","author":"Allocca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620980203","article-title":"Milan ultrasound criteria are accurate in assessing disease activity in ulcerative colitis: External validation","volume":"9","author":"Allocca","year":"2021","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jjaf050","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf050","article-title":"The use of International Bowel Ultrasound Segmental Activity Score (IBUS-SAS) in patients with ulcerative colitis: Applicability and comparison with other ultrasound scores","volume":"19","author":"Innocenti","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab002","article-title":"Intestinal Ultrasound to Assess Disease Activity in Ulcerative Colitis: Development of a novel UC-Ultrasound Index","volume":"15","author":"Bots","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.70053","article-title":"IBUS-SAS Is a Highly Accurate Intestinal Ultrasound Score for Predicting Endoscopic Disease Activity in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"13","author":"Fischer","year":"2025","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa267","article-title":"A Reliability Study: Strong Inter-Observer Agreement of an Expert Panel for Intestinal Ultrasound in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"15","author":"Wilkens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.08.038","article-title":"Intestinal Ultrasound Is Accurate to Determine Endoscopic Response and Remission in Patients with Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"163","author":"Mookhoek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339866","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3339866","article-title":"Intestinal Ultrasonography as a Tool for Monitoring Disease Activity in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"2022","author":"Lolic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12206","article-title":"Predictive value of Milan ultrasound criteria in ulcerative colitis: A prospective observational cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Allocca","year":"2022","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad152","article-title":"Superior predictive value of transmural over endoscopic severity for colectomy risk in ulcerative colitis: A multicentre prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Sed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319451","article-title":"German IBD Study Group and the TRUST&UC Study Group; German IBD Study Group and TRUST&UC Study Group. Intestinal ultrasound for monitoring therapeutic response in patients with ulcerative colitis: Results from the TRUST&UC study","volume":"69","author":"Maaser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad071","article-title":"Early Intestinal Ultrasound Predicts Long-Term Endoscopic Response to Biologics in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"17","author":"Allocca","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15767","article-title":"Transperineal ultrasound predicts endoscopic and histological healing in ulcerative colitis","volume":"51","author":"Sagami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16817","article-title":"Early improvement in bowel wall thickness on transperineal ultrasonography predicts treatment success in active ulcerative colitis","volume":"55","author":"Sagami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad186","article-title":"Differentiation of Active Ulcerative Colitis vs Noninflammatory Bowel Disease Proctitis by Transperineal Superb Microvascular Imaging","volume":"30","author":"Tokushima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad035","article-title":"Accuracy of Transperineal Ultrasonography for Assessing Rectal Lesions in Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Study","volume":"17","author":"Jimbo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70035","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.70035","article-title":"Feasibility of transperineal intestinal ultrasound in assessing ulcerative proctitis during pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Greeve","year":"2024","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)61634-6","article-title":"Pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: A Pouchitis Disease Activity Index","volume":"69","author":"Sandborn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab125","article-title":"Accuracy of Gastrointestinal Ultrasound and Calprotectin in the Assessment of Inflammation and its Location in Patients with an Ileoanal Pouch","volume":"16","author":"Ardalan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61084-8","article-title":"Ciclosporin versus infliximab in patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous steroids: A parallel, open-label randomised controlled trial","volume":"380","author":"Laharie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30003-6","article-title":"Infliximab versus ciclosporin for steroid-resistant acute severe ulcerative colitis (CONSTRUCT): A mixed methods, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.12.001","article-title":"Early Assessment with Gastrointestinal Ultrasound in Patients Hospitalised for a Flare of Ulcerative Colitis and Predicting the Need for Salvage Therapy: A Pilot Study","volume":"47","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac083","article-title":"Early Intestinal Ultrasound Predicts Intravenous Corticosteroid Response in Hospitalised Patients with Severe Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"16","author":"Ilvemark","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"jjae101","article-title":"Early intestinal ultrasound in severe ulcerative colitis identifies patients at increased risk of 1-year treatment failure and colectomy","volume":"28","author":"Ilvemark","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jjaf021","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf021","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibitors in the management of acute severe ulcerative colitis: A comprehensive review","volume":"19","author":"Gisbert","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae191","article-title":"Upadacitinib for Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"Damianos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad115","article-title":"Upadacitinib Salvage Therapy for Infliximab-Experienced Patients with Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"17","author":"Gilmore","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2026.02.034","article-title":"Intestinal Ultrasound Scan in Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis in Children: A Multicenter Prospective Study on Behalf of the Porto Inflammatory Bowel Disease Working Group of European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition","volume":"171","author":"Scarallo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-022-00926-4","article-title":"Echoscopy in scanning abdominal diseases in a critical care setting","volume":"118","author":"Wastl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Klin. Intensivmed. Und Notfallmedizin"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-1907","article-title":"EchoScopy in scanning abdominal diseases; a prospective single center study","volume":"21","author":"Barreiros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jes085","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of pocket-size handheld echocardiographs used by cardiologists in the acute care setting","volume":"14","author":"Testuz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac116","article-title":"David Against Goliath: Direct Comparison of Handheld Bowel Sonography and Magnetic Resonance Enterography for Diagnosis of Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"29","author":"Rispo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad237","article-title":"At-home Disease Monitoring by Patient-performed Intestinal Ultrasound in Severe Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"29","author":"Cleveland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cr\u0103ciun, R., Bumbu, A.L., Ichim, V.A., Tan\u021b\u0103u, A.I., and Tefas, C. (2025). Artificial Intelligence in Endoscopic and Ultrasound Imaging for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124291"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"otae034","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otae034","article-title":"Radiomics-Based Analysis of Intestinal Ultrasound Images for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Feasibility Study","volume":"6","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaz, A.M., and Venu, N. (2025). Diagnostic Methods and Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15111303"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"147","article-title":"The Arrival of Intestinal Ultrasound for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Care in the United States","volume":"19","author":"Cleveland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"otad043","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otad043","article-title":"Integrating Intestinal Ultrasound into an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Practice: How to Get Started","volume":"5","author":"Abraham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jjaf107","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf107","article-title":"ECCO-ESGAR-ESP-IBUS Guideline on Diagnostics and Monitoring of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Part 2: IBD scores and general principles and technical aspects","volume":"19","author":"Yanai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002677","article-title":"Bowel Ultrasound Scan Predicts Corticosteroid Failure in Children with Acute Severe Colitis","volume":"71","author":"Scarallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa082","article-title":"Monitoring Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pregnancy Using Gastrointestinal Ultrasonography","volume":"14","author":"Flanagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab216","article-title":"Intestinal Ultrasound to Evaluate Treatment Response During Pregnancy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"28","author":"Joshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"100459","article-title":"The carbon footprint of hospital diagnostic imaging in Australia","volume":"24","author":"McAlister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West Pac."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e350","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00092-5","article-title":"How many carbon emissions are saved by doing one less MRI?","volume":"8","author":"McAlister","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240020","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.240020","article-title":"Contrast Media-Driven Anthropogenic Gadolinium: Knowns and Unknowns","volume":"311","author":"Lenkinski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-016-9931-7","article-title":"Gadolinium-based contrast agent toxicity: A review of known and proposed mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Rogosnitzky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jauregui-Amezaga, A., and Rimola, J. (2021). Role of Intestinal Ultrasound in the Management of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11070603"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70385","article-title":"Systematic Review: Ultrasound Goes Echo-Decarbonising Inflammatory Bowel Disease Care Through Intestinal Ultrasound","volume":"62","author":"Massironi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/15\/2319\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T07:49:14Z","timestamp":1784879354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/15\/2319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16152319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16152319","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}