{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:29:41Z","timestamp":1785421781868,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PNURSP2026R293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R293"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05b0cyh02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Obstructivesleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most widespread forms of sleep disease, affecting over 936 million adults globally. The health consequences of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are well documented; however, it remains largely underdiagnosed because the current gold-standard diagnostic method, polysomnography (PSG), is often costly, time-consuming, and unavailable in many healthcare settings. To address these challenges, this study presents a novel explainable deep learning (DL) framework for automated multi-class OSA severity classification using single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Methods: The proposed framework integrates a hybrid CNN\u2013BiLSTM architecture with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques to generate clinically meaningful predictions and explanations across four OSA severity classes: Normal, Mild, Moderate, and Severe. The framework was evaluated using the publicly available PhysioNet Apnea-ECG dataset (70 recordings) together with an institutional ECG dataset (150 recordings), resulting in a combined cohort of 220 recordings. Results: The proposed framework achieved an overall classification accuracy of 94.7%, with sensitivity and specificity values of 92.3% and 96.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed model consistently outperformed conventional machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, and XGBoost, by 5.5%, 4.2%, and 2.9%, respectively. To enhance transparency and clinical trust, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) was employed to identify the most influential physiological predictors driving model decisions. Heart rate variability features, particularly RMSSD and pNN50, emerged as the strongest indicators of OSA severity. Moreover, computational efficiency analysis revealed that the model required only 0.23 s to process a 60 s ECG epoch on a standard computing platform, supporting its suitability for real-time deployment. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that explainable deep learning applied to ECG signals can provide accurate, interpretable, and computationally efficient assessment of OSA severity. The proposed framework may support OSA screening, clinical triage, and early intervention, particularly in resource-constrained healthcare environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16152353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T09:47:41Z","timestamp":1785145661000},"page":"2353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Explainable CNN\u2013BiLSTM Framework for Multi-Class Sleep Apnea Severity Detection Using Single-Lead ECG Signals: A Comprehensive Machine Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fida\u2019a","family":"Al-Quran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Artificial Intelligence Department, Al-Salt Technical College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Jawarneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Information Technology, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0459-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar Isam","family":"AL-Mrayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dyala","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Computer Science, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8415-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghassan","family":"Samara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13132, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3727-6276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa","family":"Sheta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, School of Information Technology and Computer Science, Nile University, El Sheikh Zayed City 12677, Egypt"},{"name":"Computer Science Department, Southern Connecticut State University, 501 Crescent St., New Haven, CT 06515, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada","family":"Elmarhomy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu 46421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3264-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadiah A.","family":"Baghdadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Management and Education, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer","family":"Malki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu 46421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4728-590X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El-Sayed","family":"Atlam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu 46421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4548","article-title":"Physiological and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"14","author":"Levy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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