{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:13:05Z","timestamp":1785402785838,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health \u201cRicerca Corrente\u201d","award":["2795124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2795124"]}]},{"award":["2795124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2795124"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00789fa95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a genetically heterogeneous myocardial disorder. Emerging evidence suggests that some genes implicated in DCM may also be associated with neurological disorders, supporting the concept of genetic pleiotropy. This study explored the intersection between cardiac and neurological genetics, with the aim of identifying candidate genes that may contribute to shared pathogenic pathways linking these clinically distinct conditions. Methods: We performed exome sequencing in 149 patients with echocardiographically confirmed DCM and subsequently applied an in silico filter to a predefined list of 211 genes associated with inherited cardiomyopathies. Variants were classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) criteria. Genes with validated evidence for DCM according to the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) were further investigated through the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and a focused literature review to identify reported associations with neurological disorders. Results: Genetic variants in DCM-associated genes were identified in 105 patients. Overall, 137 variants were detected, including pathogenic variants and variants of uncertain significance. The most frequently involved genes were TTN, FLNC, and MYH6. Several DCM-associated genes also showed reported associations with neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. Among them, TTN, FLNC, RYR2, and SCN5A displayed the broadest overlap between cardiac and neurological phenotypes. Conclusions: These descriptive findings show that variants were most frequently observed in TTN, FLNC, and MYH6 and that several genes included in the ClinGen DCM curation framework have also been independently reported in neurological disorders. Because most identified variants were VUS and no control group or systematic neurological phenotyping was available, the findings indicate gene-level co-annotation only and do not establish variant enrichment, shared pathogenic mechanisms, or clinical overlap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16152395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:09:42Z","timestamp":1785398982000},"page":"2395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Overlap Between Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Neurological Disorders: Insights from a Next-Generation Sequencing Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6240-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Salluzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7185-1176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca A.","family":"Schillaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Zago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personal Genomics S.r.l., 37136 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Fucile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personal Genomics S.r.l., 37136 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2366-5684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Marcolungo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personal Genomics S.r.l., 37136 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Schinocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico Rodolico-San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Salemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciarambino, T., Menna, G., Sansone, G., and Giordano, M. (2021). Cardiomyopathies: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147722"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0084-1","article-title":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"5","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308190","article-title":"Genetic Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"102","author":"Favalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31713-5","article-title":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"390","author":"Weintraub","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2012.07.003","article-title":"Sex and Gender Differences in Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"38","author":"Fairweather","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.070872","article-title":"Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Population Study to Determine the Biologic Sex Ratio in Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"151","author":"Bergan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-1030-7","article-title":"Genetics of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Clinical Implications","volume":"20","author":"Paldino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamada, T., and Nomura, S. (2021). Recent Findings Related to Cardiomyopathy and Genetics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212522"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110186","article-title":"Truncations of Titin Causing Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"366","author":"Herman","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franaszczyk, M., Chmielewski, P., Truszkowska, G., Stawinski, P., Michalak, E., Rydzanicz, M., Sobieszczanska-Malek, M., Pollak, A., Szczygie\u0142, J., and Kosinska, J. (2017). Titin Truncating Variants in Dilated Cardiomyopathy\u2014Prevalence and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169007"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gigli, M., Begay, R.L., Morea, G., Graw, S.L., Sinagra, G., Taylor, M.R.G., Granzier, H., and Mestroni, L. (2016). A Review of the Giant Protein Titin in Clinical Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiomyopathies. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2016.00021"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-019-4825-4","article-title":"Prevalence of TTN Mutations in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.03.093","article-title":"Potential Links between Neurological Disease and Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Literature Review","volume":"168","author":"Santoro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.08.007","article-title":"Recurrent De Novo and Biallelic Variation of ATAD3A, Encoding a Mitochondrial Membrane Protein, Results in Distinct Neurological Syndromes","volume":"99","author":"Harel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0591-z","article-title":"The Risk of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in Acute Neurological Disease","volume":"30","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2000.103934","article-title":"Mitochondrial Defects in Cardiomyopathy and Neuromuscular Disease","volume":"139","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2012.12.008","article-title":"Cardiomyopathy in Neurological Disorders","volume":"22","author":"Finsterer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cousineau, J.P., Dawe, A.M., and Alpaugh, M. (2024). Investigating the Interplay between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disease. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13100764"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118976","article-title":"Cardiac Electrical Remodeling and Neurodegenerative Diseases Association","volume":"267","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.04.031","article-title":"Cardiac Abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Parkinsonism","volume":"53","author":"Scorza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"334","article-title":"Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Exceptionally Uncommon Clinical Duet","volume":"60","author":"Lazaros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-9572(08)60030-3","article-title":"Mutation of Mitochondrial DNA G13513A Presenting with Leigh Syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and Cardiomyopathy","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2023.01.011","article-title":"Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Not Only an Electrical Issue?","volume":"78","author":"Capocci","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salemi, M., Ravo, M., Lanza, G., Schillaci, F.A., Ventola, G.M., Marchese, G., Salluzzo, M.G., Cappelletti, G., and Ferri, R. (2024). Gene Expression Profiling of Post Mortem Midbrain of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients and Healthy Controls. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020707"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1084-z","article-title":"Integrative Analysis of Genetic Data Sets Reveals a Shared Innate Immune Component in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Its Co-Morbidities","volume":"17","author":"Nazeen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Mutations in Presenilin 2 and Its Implications in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Dementia-Associated Disorders","volume":"10","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1086\/509900","article-title":"Mutations of Presenilin Genes in Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.19.5444","article-title":"A Rapid Non-Enzymatic Method for the Preparation of HMW DNA from Blood for RFLP Studies","volume":"19","author":"Lahiri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1406261","article-title":"ClinGen\u2014The Clinical Genome Resource","volume":"372","author":"Rehm","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2361","article-title":"Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing of Candidate Genes Reveals Novel Mutations in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01074-2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: From Mechanisms to Precision Medicine","volume":"22","author":"Gigli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317076","article-title":"Filamin C Cardiomyopathy Variants Cause Protein and Lysosome Accumulation","volume":"129","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.12.003","article-title":"Filamin C Truncation Mutations Are Associated with Arrhythmogenic Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Changes in the Cell-Cell Adhesion Structures","volume":"4","author":"Begay","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.09.927","article-title":"Truncating FLNC Mutations Are Associated with High-Risk Dilated and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathies","volume":"68","author":"Cuenca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003645","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.121.003645","article-title":"Loss-of-Function FLNC Variants Are Associated with Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Phenotypes When Identified Through Exome Sequencing of a General Clinical Population","volume":"15","author":"Carruth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Genom. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.09.029","article-title":"Filamin-C Variant-Associated Cardiomyopathy: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Patient Data to Evaluate the Clinical Profile and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death","volume":"19","author":"Celeghin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.24004","article-title":"A Mutation Update for the FLNC Gene in Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies","volume":"41","author":"Verdonschot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01104-0","article-title":"Rare Coding Variation Provides Insight into the Genetic Architecture and Phenotypic Context of Autism","volume":"54","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00899-8","article-title":"Recent Ultra-Rare Inherited Variants Implicate New Autism Candidate Risk Genes","volume":"53","author":"Wilfert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.507699","article-title":"Alpha-Myosin Heavy Chain: A Sarcomeric Gene Associated with Dilated and Hypertrophic Phenotypes of Cardiomyopathy","volume":"112","author":"Carniel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Xue, C., Ji, D., Sheng, W., Gao, X., Wu, X., and Wu, C. (2025). Identification of Key Genes for Heart Failure in Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Different Populations. Front. Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1618390"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-025-01200-2","article-title":"Target Oxidative Stress-Induced Disulfidptosis: Novel Therapeutic Avenues in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salemi, M., Marchese, G., Lanza, G., Cosentino, F.I.I., Salluzzo, M.G., Schillaci, F.A., Ventola, G.M., Cordella, A., Ravo, M., and Ferri, R. (2022). Role and Dysregulation of miRNA in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010712"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01148-2","article-title":"Integrating de Novo and Inherited Variants in 42,607 Autism Cases Identifies Mutations in New Moderate-Risk Genes","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006832","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006832","article-title":"Clinical Phenotypes and Prognosis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Caused by Truncating Variants in the TTN Gene","volume":"13","author":"Akhtar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323051","article-title":"Discovery of Titin and Its Role in Heart Function and Disease","volume":"136","author":"Granzier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56154-7","article-title":"Exploring TTN Variants as Genetic Insights into Cardiomyopathy Pathogenesis and Potential Emerging Clues to Molecular Mechanisms in Cardiomyopathies","volume":"14","author":"Jolfayi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.860171","article-title":"Cardiac Titin: A Multifunctional Giant","volume":"121","author":"LeWinter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000116143.74830.A9","article-title":"At the Crossroads of Myocardial Signaling: The Role of Z-Discs in Intracellular Signaling and Cardiac Function","volume":"94","author":"Pyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115511","article-title":"Research Progress on Pathogenic Genes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01456-z","article-title":"Identification of De Novo JAK2 and MAPK7 Mutations Related to Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Whole-Exome Sequencing in a Chinese Child and Adolescent Trio-Based Sample","volume":"70","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2017.05.005","article-title":"Whole-Genome Sequencing of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia Indicates Multiple Genetic Risk Factors for Schizophrenia","volume":"44","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1086\/425586","article-title":"Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1): Association with Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder","volume":"75","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2015.02.001","article-title":"Genetic Study of Complex Diseases in the Post-GWAS Era","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1296","article-title":"Convergent Evidence for Impaired AKT1-GSK3beta Signaling in Schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"Emamian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohane, I.S., McMurry, A., Weber, G., MacFadden, D., Rappaport, L., Kunkel, L., Bickel, J., Wattanasin, N., Spence, S., and Murphy, S. (2012). The Co-Morbidity Burden of Children and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033224"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0819","article-title":"Comorbidity Clusters in Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Electronic Health Record Time-Series Analysis","volume":"133","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1664-z","article-title":"Excess Mortality and Causes of Death in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Follow up of the 1980s Utah\/UCLA Autism Epidemiologic Study","volume":"43","author":"Bilder","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salemi, M., Mogavero, M.P., Lanza, G., Mongio\u00ec, L.M., Calogero, A.E., and Ferri, R. (2022). Examples of Inverse Comorbidity between Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Possible Role for Noncoding RNA. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121930"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salemi, M., Lanza, G., Mogavero, M.P., Cosentino, F.I.I., Borgione, E., Iorio, R., Ventola, G.M., Marchese, G., Salluzzo, M.G., and Ravo, M. (2022). A Transcriptome Analysis of mRNAs and Long Non-Coding RNAs in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031535"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/15\/2395\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:29:00Z","timestamp":1785400140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/15\/2395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16152395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16152395","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}