{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:39:02Z","timestamp":1787027942335,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Omentin-1 (intelectin-1) is an adipocytokine with anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing, and iron-regulatory properties. This study aimed to compare circulating omentin-1 levels in patients with (IDA) and \u03b2-thalassemia trait and to evaluate their associations with haematological, iron-related, and metabolic parameters. Methods: A total of 90 adults (n = 90), including 29 patients with IDA, 31 individuals with \u03b2-thalassemia trait, and 30 healthy controls. Haematological indices, iron parameters, biochemical markers, and plasma omentin-1 levels were measured. Group comparisons, correlation analyses, multivariable linear regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed. Results: Plasma omentin-1 concentrations were significantly lower in patients with hypochromic microcytic anaemia than in healthy controls (36.4 vs. 147.7 ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.001). Among subgroups, the lowest levels were observed in IDA patients, followed by \u03b2-thalassemia trait and controls (p &lt; 0.001). Omentin-1 showed positive correlations with haemoglobin, MCV, MCH, ferritin, serum iron, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C, whereas negative correlations were observed with age, HbA1c, glucose, RDW, and total iron-binding capacity (all p &lt; 0.05). In multivariable analysis, age (\u03b2 = \u22120.215, p = 0.046), female sex (\u03b2 = 0.305, p = 0.028), and MCV (\u03b2 = 0.334, p = 0.015) were independent predictors of omentin-1 levels. ROC analysis demonstrated excellent discrimination between IDA and controls (AUC = 0.93) and good discrimination between \u03b2-thalassemia trait and controls (AUC = 0.79). Conclusions: Omentin-1 levels are reduced in IDA and \u03b2-thalassemia trait and are closely associated with iron status, erythroid indices, and metabolic parameters. Omentin-1 may serve as an adjunct biomarker for hypochromic microcytic anaemia, particularly in distinguishing affected individuals from healthy subjects. However, its limited utility in distinguishing iron-deficiency anaemia from \u03b2-thalassemia trait indicates that it should be used alongside established haematological and iron-related parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16152419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T10:11:38Z","timestamp":1785492698000},"page":"2419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Circulating Omentin-1 Levels in Iron-Deficiency Anaemia and \u03b2-Thalassemia Trait: Associations with Iron and Metabolic Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kadriye","family":"Akp\u0131nar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15200, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Occupational Health Unit, Burdur Provincial Health Directorate, Burdur 15040, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2033-3692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alev","family":"Lazo\u011flu \u00d6zkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum 25050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). Guideline on Haemoglobin Cutoffs to Define Anaemia in Individuals and Populations, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14092","article-title":"Anemia Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Etiology in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"1450","author":"Chaparro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., and Finberg, K.E. (2025). Iron Deficiency Anemia. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-92033-2_12"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"272","article-title":"Alpha- and Beta-Thalassemia: Rapid Evidence Review","volume":"105","author":"Baird","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e246062","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.246062","article-title":"Thalassemia, a Human Blood Disorder","volume":"83","author":"Shafique","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2023.07.036","article-title":"Differential Diagnosis Between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Thalassemia Trait-Induced Anemia","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155960","article-title":"Serum Ferritin as an Indicator of Iron Status: What Do We Need to Know?","volume":"106","author":"Daru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2014.03.010","article-title":"Underestimation of the Coexistence of Iron Deficiencies and Thalassemia Minors: A Single Institution Experience in Taiwan","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.66.9.1277","article-title":"Discriminant Indexes to Simplify the Differential Diagnosis Between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Thalassemia Minor in Individuals with Microcytic Anemia","volume":"66","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. M\u00e9dica Bras."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demmelmair, H., Prell, C., Timby, N., and L\u00f6nnerdal, B. (2017). Benefits of Lactoferrin, Osteopontin and Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080817"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.02.072","article-title":"The Role of Lactoferrin in Gastrointestinal and Immune Development and Function: A Preclinical Perspective","volume":"173","author":"Donovan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2017.tb00769.x","article-title":"Adipose Tissue-Derived Omentin-1 Function and Regulation","volume":"7","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvt073","article-title":"A Lactoferrin-Receptor, Intelectin 1, Affects Uptake, Sub-Cellular Localization and Release of Immunochemically Detectable Lactoferrin by Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells","volume":"154","author":"Akiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab189","article-title":"Circulating Omentin-1 Levels and Altered Iron Balance in Chronic Haemodialysis Patients","volume":"15","author":"Bolignano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325210","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology Guidelines for the Management of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Adults","volume":"70","author":"Snook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Taher, A., Musallam, K., and Cappellini, M.D. (2023). Guidelines for the Management of Non-Transfusion-Dependent \u03b2-Thalassaemia, Thalassaemia International Federation."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.31.1605","article-title":"Recombinant Human Intelectin Binds Bovine Lactoferrin and Its Peptides","volume":"31","author":"Shin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12464","article-title":"Altered Erythropoiesis and Iron Metabolism in Carriers of Thalassemia","volume":"94","author":"Cominal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"129","article-title":"Investigate the Role of Some Adipose Tissue Hormones and IL-1\u03b2 in a Sample of Patients with \u03b2-Thalassemia","volume":"3","author":"Alsaady","year":"2026","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.25258\/ijddt.12.4.68","article-title":"Assessment of Serum Omentin-1, Adipsin and Resistin Levels in Beta Thalassemia Male Patients in Baghdad City of Iraq","volume":"12","author":"Jawad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Deliv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12057","article-title":"The Role of Adipocytes in the Modulation of Iron Metabolism in Obesity","volume":"14","author":"Coimbra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sena, C.M. (2024). Omentin: A Key Player in Glucose Homeostasis, Atheroprotection, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential for Cardiovascular Health in Obesity and Diabetes. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020284"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.017","article-title":"Circulating Omentin Is Associated with Coronary Artery Disease in Men","volume":"219","author":"Shibata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000487396","article-title":"Usefulness of Serum Omentin-1 Levels for the Prediction of Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"27","author":"Sahin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"14","article-title":"Serum omentin-1 levels in type 2 diabetic obese women in relation to glycemic control, insulin resistance and metabolic parameters","volume":"13","author":"Elsaid","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biega\u0144ski, H.M., D\u0105browski, K.M., and R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ska-Wal\u0119dziak, A. (2025). Omentin-General Overview of Its Role in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Other Diseases; Problem of Current Research State. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030632"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/15\/2419\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T10:18:30Z","timestamp":1785493110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/15\/2419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16152419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16152419","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}