{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T04:27:25Z","timestamp":1787372845034,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002868","name":"Chosun University Dental Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01p78w079","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-to-intraoral-scan registration in edentulous implant planning relies on radiopaque fiducial markers, yet how marker design governs marker-geometry reproduction is unclear. We quantified the effects of shape, size and configuration and where the error arose. Methods: Eighteen edentulous mandibular denture designs (three shapes \u00d7 three sizes, 2\u20134 mm \u00d7 two configurations; five markers each) were printed and CBCT-imaged three times at 0.2 mm voxel. Distances, angles, a leave-one-marker-out (LOMO) error and a markerless control were analyzed at the design level (n = 18). Results: Acquisition reproducibility was voxel-limited (median 49 \u03bcm). Marker size governed trueness and precision (partial \u03c92p 0.25\u20130.65), with no shape effect detected. The LOMO error fell with size (541 to 359 \u03bcm; p = 0.004), whereas the markerless control did not (p = 0.653); the size effect differed between approaches. Twenty percent of 2 mm markers exceeded the 300 \u03bcm threshold\u2014unstable localization, not failed detection. In the markerless control, 6 of 270 markers (2.2%) exceeded 1 mm despite acceptable global surface fits. Conclusions: A satisfactory global surface-fit residual may conceal substantial local misregistration, whereas fiducial landmarks permit independent verification of alignment. Marker size most directly governed reproduction fidelity; \u22653 mm diameters are recommended for the rotationally symmetric geometries tested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16162652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1787213420000},"page":"2652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Fiducial Marker Design (Shape, Size, and Configuration) on the Trueness and Precision of CBCT Marker-Geometry Reproduction for CBCT\u2013Intraoral Scan Registration: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Donghyo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gahyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seoyun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yo-Seob","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4229-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo-Hun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12925","article-title":"Registration of cone beam computed tomography data and intraoral surface scans\u2014A prerequisite for guided implant surgery with CAD\/CAM drilling guides","volume":"28","author":"Derksen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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