{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:19:44Z","timestamp":1790983184060,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Clinical Significance: This paper presents a case of Vogt\u2013Koyanagi\u2013Harada (VKH)-like disease following nivolumab and ipilimumab therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, complicated by transient type 1 macular neovascularisation (MNV). Case Presentation: A 67-year-old man presented with reduced visual acuity, more pronounced in the left eye, accompanied by headache and neurosensory hearing loss for 10 days. He had been receiving combination therapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab for approximately nine weeks. Slit-lamp examination and multimodal imaging revealed multiple serous retinal detachments, choroidal folds, and bacillary layer detachment. A bilateral VKH-like syndrome was considered the most likely diagnosis, consistent with an immune-related adverse event (irAE). High-dose systemic corticosteroids were initiated, resulting in marked anatomical improvement and recovery of visual acuity. Following multidisciplinary discussion with the patient\u2019s oncologist, ipilimumab was permanently discontinued and nivolumab was rechallenged in combination with chemotherapy after resolution of the ocular adverse events, given the progression of the underlying malignancy. Notably, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) additionally demonstrated a type 1 non-exudative MNV, which resolved spontaneously during follow-up. Conclusions: Nivolumab and ipilimumab, targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4, respectively, are effective anticancer therapies but may induce immune-related adverse events involving the eye. VKH-like disease is a rare but potentially vision-threatening complication. Early recognition and prompt treatment are essential for favourable visual outcomes. In summary, this is a rare case of VKH-like disease associated with nivolumab and ipilimumab therapy, complicated by transient inflammatory type 1 MNV. Clear guidelines are needed regarding management of ocular immune-related adverse events and decisions on continuation or discontinuation of life-prolonging immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16162653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1787213420000},"page":"2653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Vogt\u2013Koyanagi\u2013Harada\u2013like Disease Complicated by Inflammatory Macular Neovascularisation: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7124-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Eleni","family":"Papavasileiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uveitis Service, State Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Athens \u201cGeorgios Gennimatas\u201d,\u00a011527\u00a0Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0570-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Stavrakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uveitis Service, State Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Athens \u201cGeorgios Gennimatas\u201d,\u00a011527\u00a0Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1076-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petroula","family":"Mitri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uveitis Service, State Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Athens \u201cGeorgios Gennimatas\u201d,\u00a011527\u00a0Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panteleimon","family":"Kalaitzakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uveitis Service, State Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Athens \u201cGeorgios Gennimatas\u201d,\u00a011527\u00a0Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uveitis Service, State Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Athens \u201cGeorgios Gennimatas\u201d,\u00a011527\u00a0Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7133-8357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Ragkousis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uveitis Service, State Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Athens \u201cGeorgios Gennimatas\u201d,\u00a011527\u00a0Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1571892","article-title":"PD-1 and PD-L1 in cancer immunotherapy: Clinical implications and future considerations","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. 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