{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:23:12Z","timestamp":1787829792426,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance is the reference standard for non-invasive myocardial tissue characterization. Conventional LGE analysis focuses on the presence and extent of fibrosis, yet these measures incompletely describe the spatial complexity of myocardial scar that underpins arrhythmogenesis. Entropy, derived from radiomic analysis of LGE signal-intensity distributions, has emerged as a surrogate marker of myocardial tissue heterogeneity. Mechanistically, heterogeneous fibrosis promotes electrical conduction alterations, and entropy serves as a global descriptor of this complex substrate. A growing body of evidence suggests that higher LGE entropy is associated with increased arrhythmogenicity and major adverse cardiac events. Several studies have shown that this association remains significant after adjustment for conventional clinical and imaging predictors. A smaller number of studies have gone further, demonstrating that incorporation of LGE entropy improves the discriminatory or reclassification performance of established risk-prediction models. This narrative review critically synthesizes the current evidence on LGE-derived entropy, compares methodological approaches and clinical applications, and discusses its principal limitations. After standardization and prospective validation, entropy-based phenotyping may prove useful for individualized risk stratification beyond conventional LGE metrics and guide clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16172735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:59:57Z","timestamp":1787749197000},"page":"2735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Late Gadolinium Enhancement Entropy as a Novel Imaging Biomarker of Myocardial Tissue Heterogeneity\u2014A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Vrettos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Inherited Cardiac Conditions and Sports Cardiology, First Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Hygeia Hospital, 151 21 Marousi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5858-3841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9137-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexios","family":"Antonopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Inherited Cardiac Conditions and Sports Cardiology, First Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Prasinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9075-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uzma","family":"Gul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CX2 2DX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polyvios","family":"Demetriades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew\u2019s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London EX1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew\u2019s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London EX1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2004.6.2\/amaterka","article-title":"Texture analysis methodologies for magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"6","author":"Materka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2004.07.008","article-title":"Texture analysis of medical images","volume":"59","author":"Castellano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170213","article-title":"Subacute and chronic left ventricular myocardial scar: Accuracy of texture analysis on nonenhanced cine MR images","volume":"286","author":"Baessler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3845-6","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging texture analysis classification of primary breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Waugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387653","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/387653","article-title":"Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis Using Texture Analysis on Combined-Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Images at 3.0T","volume":"2015","author":"Yokoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-019-0520-0","article-title":"Comparison of myocardial fibrosis quantification methods by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for risk stratification of patients with suspected myocarditis","volume":"21","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12035","article-title":"Left ventricular scar burden specifies the potential for ventricular arrhythmogenesis: An LGE-CMR study","volume":"24","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev001","article-title":"Quantification of infarct size and myocardium at risk: Evaluation of different techniques and its implications","volume":"16","author":"McAlindon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Y., Ji, Z., Zhou, W., Pu, C., Li, Y., Zhou, C., Hu, X., Chen, C., Sun, Y., and Huang, Q. (2021). Mean scar entropy by late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance is associated with ventricular arrhythmias events in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.758635"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balaban, G., Halliday, B.P., Bai, W., Porter, B., Malvuccio, C., Lamata, P., Rinaldi, C.A., Plank, G., Rueckert, D., and Prasad, S.K. (2019). Scar shape analysis and simulated electrical instabilities in a non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy patient cohort. PLoS Comput. Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007421"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.052","article-title":"Quantitative tissue characterization of infarct core and border zone in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance is associated with future cardiovascular events","volume":"55","author":"Heidary","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.01.007","article-title":"Magnetic resonance estimates of the extent and heterogeneity of scar tissue in ICD patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy predict ventricular arrhythmia","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.111.971549","article-title":"Prediction of arrhythmic events in ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy patients referred for implantable cardiac defibrillator: Evaluation of multiple scar quantification measures for late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.108.826529","article-title":"Infarct tissue heterogeneity assessed with contrast-enhanced MRI predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator","volume":"2","author":"Roes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.653568","article-title":"Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"115","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw073","article-title":"Patient-derived models link re-entrant driver localization in atrial fibrillation to fibrosis spatial pattern","volume":"110","author":"Zahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz083","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic propensity of the fibrotic substrate after atrial fibrillation ablation: A longitudinal study using magnetic resonance imaging-based atrial models","volume":"115","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-025-02515-9","article-title":"Late gadolinium enhancement in areas with electrically fractionated potentials during sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"40","author":"Suzuki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2020.06.020","article-title":"Predicting ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with systolic heart failure based on texture features of the gray zone from contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"76","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.12.003","article-title":"Entropy as a measure of myocardial tissue heterogeneity in patients with ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"15","author":"Antiochos","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-025-10631-0","article-title":"Cardiac Magnetic Resonance-Derived Left Ventricular Mechanical Dispersion Improves Risk Stratification of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and its Correlations with Scar Heterogeneity","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.03.001","article-title":"Mean entropy predicts implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy using cardiac magnetic resonance texture analysis of scar heterogeneity","volume":"16","author":"Gould","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.13969","article-title":"High mean entropy calculated from cardiac MRI texture analysis is associated with antitachycardia pacing failure","volume":"43","author":"Gould","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26499","DOI":"10.31083\/RCM26499","article-title":"Increased Entropy Predicts Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients with High Cardiovascular Risk and Hypertension: A Novel Imaging Parameter Derived from Late Gadolinium Enhancement","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018031","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.125.018031","article-title":"Myocardial entropy and risk predictors in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: An analysis from the NHLBI HCM registry","volume":"18","author":"Antiochos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.11.017","article-title":"Entropy of left ventricular late gadolinium enhancement and its prognostic value in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy a new CMR assessment method","volume":"373","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-023-01479-6","article-title":"Late gadolinium enhancement entropy as a new measure of myocardial tissue heterogeneity for prediction of adverse cardiac events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2018.12.005","article-title":"Entropy as a Novel Measure of Myocardial Tissue Heterogeneity for Prediction of Ventricular Arrhythmias and Mortality in Post-Infarct Patients","volume":"5","author":"Androulakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2022.03.021","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Entropy Derived from Late Gadolinium Enhancement Images to Adverse Cardiac Events in Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28478","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Cardiac-MRI Scar Heterogeneity Combined with Left Ventricular Strain in Patients with Myocardial Infarction","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Zhang, W., Song, Y., Zhao, X., and Li, Y. (2025). Magnetic resonance imaging quantification of left ventricular mechanical dispersion and scar heterogeneity optimize risk stratification after myocardial infarction. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-04451-4"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10362-3","article-title":"Left ventricular entropy is a novel predictor of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with coronary atherosclerosis: A multi-center study","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240522","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.240522","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiac MRI-derived Entropy in Patients after Myocardial Infarction","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiol. Cardiothorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaidi, H.A., Jones, R.E., Hammersley, D.J., Hatipoglu, S., Balaban, G., Mach, L., Halliday, B.P., Lamata, P., Prasad, S.K., and Bishop, M.J. (2023). Machine learning analysis of complex late gadolinium enhancement patterns to improve risk prediction of major arrhythmic events. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1082778"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.03.008","article-title":"Myocardial histopathology in patients withobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"77","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.02.065","article-title":"Identification of Myocardial Disarray in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Ventricular Arrhythmias","volume":"73","author":"Ariga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.03.019","article-title":"Myocardial interstitial fibrosis in nonischemic heart disease, part 3\/4: JACC focus seminar","volume":"75","author":"Kovacic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003090","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003090","article-title":"Histological and Histometric Characterization of Myocardial Fibrosis in End-Stage Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Clinical-Pathological Study of 30 Explanted Hearts","volume":"9","author":"Galati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005461","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.005461","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death substrate imaged by magnetic resonance imaging: From investigational tool to clinical applications","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.027134","article-title":"Personalizing risk stratification for sudden death in dilated cardiomyopathy: The past, present, and future","volume":"136","author":"Halliday","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608029","article-title":"Defibrillator Implantation in Patients with Nonischemic Systolic Heart Failure","volume":"375","author":"Thune","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.07.003","article-title":"Left ventricular entropy is a novel predictor of arrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy receiving defibrillators for primary prevention","volume":"12","author":"Muthalaly","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e040517","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.040517","article-title":"Fibrosis Entropy Is Associated With Life-Threatening Arrhythmia in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Hammersley","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, S., Wang, C., Hong, Z., Zhou, X., Zhang, T., Peng, Q., Wang, J., and Zheng, C. (2021). Prognostic value of late enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging derived texture features in dilated cardiomyopathy patients with severely reduced ejection fractions. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.766423"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Tittonel, L.E., Ciorba, F.R., Bayona-Huguet, X., and Kaplinsky, E. (2025). Left Ventricular Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy: A Review of the Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Genetics, and Clinical Management. J. Pers. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.1652.v2"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.06.016","article-title":"Clinical risk prediction in patients with left ventricular myocardial noncompaction","volume":"78","author":"Casas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu182","article-title":"Histological validation of cardiac magnetic resonance analysis of regional and diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"Iles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.4274\/dir.2023.221859","article-title":"Can left ventricular entropy by cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement be a prognostic predictor in patients with left ventricular non-compaction?","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.131279","article-title":"Entropy as a novel predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with left ventricular noncompaction","volume":"392","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mushari, N.A., Soultanidis, G., Duff, L., Trivieri, M.G., Fayad, Z.A., Robson, P.M., and Tsoumpas, C. (2023). Exploring the utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance radiomic feature extraction for evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111865"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2023.04.004","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging T1 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement entropy: Prognostic value in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, J., Wang, S., Bilchick, K.C., Patel, A.R., and Zhang, M. (2023, January 18\u201321). Joint deep learning for improved myocardial scar detection from cardiac MRI. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), Cartagena, Colombia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI53787.2023.10230541"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/17\/2735\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:09:17Z","timestamp":1787828957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/17\/2735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16172735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16172735","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}