{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:10:32Z","timestamp":1788775832195,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Clinical Significance: Penile carcinoma is a rare malignancy in developed countries, yet it remains associated with significant morbidity due to its aggressive local behavior and potential for lymphatic dissemination. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays a central role in its pathogenesis, while lymph node involvement represents the most important prognostic factor. Case Presentation: In this retrospective case series (n = 3), we evaluated three representative patients treated at a tertiary referral center in Romania between August 2020 and December 2024. Clinical, pathological, and therapeutic data were analyzed, with emphasis on tumor stage, nodal involvement, surgical management, and follow-up outcomes. Immunohistochemical analysis, including p16 expression, was performed to assess HPV-related tumor profiles. Conclusions: Three representative cases illustrating distinct clinical scenarios were included. Patients with localized disease and negative lymph nodes achieved favorable long-term outcomes, including 3-year disease-free survival (documented follow-up through December 2023; follow-up data beyond 2023 were unavailable, capping documented disease-free follow-up at 36 months). In contrast, advanced disease with nodal metastasis was associated with poor prognosis despite aggressive multimodal treatment. Immunohistochemical profiling revealed both HPV-associated and HPV-independent tumor patterns, which appeared to correlate with clinical outcomes. A case of locally advanced disease demonstrated that radical surgical intervention combined with adjuvant therapy may achieve prolonged recurrence-free survival. Penile carcinoma requires prompt diagnosis and individualized management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16172854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"2854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Presentation and Surgical Management of Penile Carcinoma: A Retrospective Case Series from a Tertiary Referral Center"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Arsenie Dan","family":"Sp\u00eenu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Urology Department, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University y Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1541-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Bubulac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu Andrei","family":"Amza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Urology Department, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University y Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Constantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General and Esophageal Surgery Discipline, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Surgery Department, St. Mary\u2019s Clinical Hospital, 011192 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-6956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana Alexandra","family":"Pavelescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular, Molecular Biology and Histology Discipline, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015etefan","family":"Milicescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aesthetics in Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Ion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fixed Dental Prosthetics and Occlusology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Miricescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4807-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria Alexandra","family":"Stanescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department I of Family Medicine and Clinical Base, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viorica","family":"Tudor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Outpatient Department, \u201cProf. Dr. Agrippa Ionescu\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comp\u00e9rat, E., Grass, G.D., and Spiess, P.E. 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