{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:22:32Z","timestamp":1789122152258,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NR070859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NR070859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NR070859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NR070859"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Supervised electrocardiography-based sleep apnea detection often depends on dense segment-level annotations, creating substantial expert burden. To reduce this dependence, we investigated whether adjacent temporal context could improve classification when ground-truth apnea labels are limited. Methods: We systematically evaluated five context lengths and seven apnea-label retention levels across 35 experimental configurations using participant-grouped five-fold cross-validation with three training repetitions. Results: The results demonstrated that using multi-window temporal context consistently improved classification performance across the evaluated apnea-label retention range. All multi-window configurations achieved higher mean F1-scores than the corresponding single-window baseline, with the best-performing multi-window setting at each retention level providing gains of 7.18\u201312.23 percentage points. Context length showed a clear overall effect on performance, whereas no systematic interaction was observed between context length and apnea-label retention. Targeted repeated-center and random-shuffle control experiments further supported a contribution from temporally adjacent ECG information rather than sequence-length expansion, repeated target presentation, or temporally distant same-recording context. Conclusions: Overall, leveraging adjacent temporal context provides a practical strategy for improving ECG-based apnea classification and may be particularly useful for developing screening models when dense expert-provided apnea annotations are limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16182939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:09:40Z","timestamp":1789117780000},"page":"2939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Window Temporal Context for ECG-Based Sleep Apnea Detection Under Limited Apnea-Label Availability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Semin","family":"Ryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Cerebrovascular Disease Research Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1883-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeonghwan","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Cerebrovascular Disease Research Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9314-5601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In cheol","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Cerebrovascular Disease Research Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6506","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for Diagnostic Testing for Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"13","author":"Kapur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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