{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:01:11Z","timestamp":1792789271629,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19AG024904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AG024904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["U19AG024904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AG024904"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Alzheimer\u2019s disease is one of the most prevalent forms of dementia and is accompanied by progressive anatomical changes within the brain. However, large-scale analyses that compare global and local anatomical differences across age, sex, diagnosis, and repeated scans remain limited. Methods: We constructed a cohort of 1385 total participants, with 3593 scans, who were diagnosed as cognitively normal or with Alzheimer\u2019s at entry into the study. Global and medial temporal brain volumes from 3T MRI scans were normalized to intracranial volume, and we used a linear mixed-effects model to analyze the association between participants\u2019 age, sex, and diagnosis while also accounting for multiple follow-up scans. Diagnosis-dependent relationships between global and medial temporal structures, brain parenchymal and hippocampal fractions, and body mass index were also calculated. Results: Older age was associated with a decrease in normalized brain volume across each region of interest. In general, AD participants had significantly lower volumes than cognitively normal individuals, with a greater degree of difference in medial temporal regions. Global measures did have different degrees of separation, with gray matter showing greater separation than white matter. Exponential model equations showed that the AD group generally had a greater age-associated percentage decrease across-ROI\/ICV association. BMI nor BMI x diagnosis was significantly associated with brain volumes within the model, while the exploratory pooled pTau217 analysis showed it was 4.6 times higher in AD and negatively associated with most morphometric areas. Conclusions: This large, integrated analysis supports the use of MRI morphometry as a valuable tool to directly compare AD-associated differences across global and medial temporal areas and also evaluate diagnosis-dependent relationships across anatomically related structures. Findings indicate that medial temporal measures provide a greater AD vs. CN separation than global measures, with GM being more sensitive than WM. Plasma pTau217 also gives biological context, which helps suggest that MRI results should be interpreted with multiple clinical and biological factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16182975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1789395304000},"page":"2975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global and Medial Temporal MRI Morphometry in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Cognitively Normal Adults: A Retrospective Association Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9650-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamsha","family":"Varsha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6739-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarun","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2032s Association (2025). 2025 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Facts and Figures. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement., 21, e70235."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a041201","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041201","article-title":"Resistance and Resilience to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Latimer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau (2023). 2023 National Population Projections Datasets, United States Census Bureau."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: WHO Guidelines, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International (2018). World Alzheimer Report 2018\u2014The State of the Art of Dementia Research: New Frontiers, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00586-6","article-title":"Perspectives in Fluid Biomarkers in Neurodegeneration from the 2019 Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases Course\u2014A Joint PhD Student Course at University College London and University of Gothenburg","volume":"12","author":"Obrocki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, R., Li, B., and Bishnoi, R. (2024). P-Tau217 as a Reliable Blood-Based Marker of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081836"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07939-z","article-title":"Baseline Plasma P-Tau217\/A\u03b242 as a Sensitive Marker for the Severity of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Continuum","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a Biological Definition of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","article-title":"Revised Criteria for Diagnosis and Staging of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroup","volume":"20","author":"Jack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121918","article-title":"Spontaneous and Familial Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Challenges and Advances in Preclinical Research","volume":"328","author":"Ulaganathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.099","article-title":"The Major Risk Factors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Age, Sex, and Genes Modulate the Microglia Response to A\u03b2 Plaques","volume":"27","author":"Wolfs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03295.2003","article-title":"Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain","volume":"23","author":"Resnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1327","article-title":"Age-Related Total Gray Matter and White Matter Changes in Normal Adult Brain. Part I: Volumetric MR Imaging Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Ge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.3.786","article-title":"Medial Temporal Atrophy on MRI in Normal Aging and Very Mild Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"49","author":"Jack","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-014-9268-3","article-title":"Structural Imaging Measures of Brain Aging","volume":"24","author":"Lockhart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01656-9","article-title":"Exploring Sex Differences in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of a Large Patient Cohort from a Memory Unit","volume":"17","author":"Alegret","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180141","article-title":"Differences Between Women and Men in Incidence Rates of Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"64","author":"Beam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheime. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.10.005","article-title":"Gender and Incidence of Dementia in the Framingham Heart Study from Mid-Adult Life","volume":"11","author":"Beiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheime. Dement."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.2.132","article-title":"Is the Risk of Developing Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Greater for Women than for Men?","volume":"153","author":"Hebert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12962","article-title":"Sex Differences in Dementia Risk and Risk Factors: Individual-Participant Data Analysis Using 21 Cohorts Across Six Continents from the COSMIC Consortium","volume":"19","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheime. Dement."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26331055231225656","DOI":"10.1177\/26331055231225657","article-title":"Gray and White Matter Voxel-Based Morphometry of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease with and Without Significant Cerebrovascular Pathologies","volume":"19","author":"Saha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Insights"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314978","article-title":"Patterns of Atrophy in Pathologically Confirmed Dementias: A Voxelwise Analysis","volume":"88","author":"Harper","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2318153","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.18153","article-title":"Characterization of Brain Volume Changes in Aging Individuals with Normal Cognition Using Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"6","author":"Fujita","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2207181119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2207181119","article-title":"Age-Related Brain Atrophy Is Not a Homogenous Process: Different Functional Brain Networks Associate Differentially with Aging and Blood Factors","volume":"119","author":"Markov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.01.010","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Hippocampal Atrophy Rates in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Barnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodward, M., Bennett, D.A., Rundek, T., Perry, G., and Rudka, T. (2024). The Relationship Between Hippocampal Changes in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Literature Review. Front. Aging Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1390574"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25414","article-title":"Spatial Correlation Maps of the Hippocampus with Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers and Cognition in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"29","article-title":"Voxel-Based Morphometry of Brain MRI in Normal Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"4","author":"Matsuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac407","article-title":"Brain-Derived Tau: A Novel Blood-Based Biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Type Neurodegeneration","volume":"146","author":"Turton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaf383","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf383","article-title":"Plasma Phosphorylated Tau-217 Correlates with Brain Atrophy, Cognition, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in a Cognitively Healthy Community Cohort","volume":"7","author":"Sim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.215","article-title":"The Clinical Use of Structural MRI in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"6","author":"Frisoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70321","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70321","article-title":"Microstructural Changes in Aging Hippocampal Pathways: Insights from the HCP-Aging Diffusion MRI Study","volume":"46","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spets, D.S., and Slotnick, S.D. (2023). Entorhinal Cortex Functional Connectivity during Item Long-Term Memory and the Role of Sex. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030446"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7369","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14179","article-title":"The Relationship Between Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Tari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.006","article-title":"Measurement of Hippocampal Atrophy Using 4D Graph-Cut Segmentation: Application to ADNI","volume":"52","author":"Wolz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1159\/000522382","article-title":"Hippocampal Atrophy Subtypes of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Automatic MRI in a Memory Clinic Cohort: Clinical Implications","volume":"51","author":"Persson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, X., Leow, A.D., Parikshak, N., Lee, S., Chiang, M.-C., Toga, A.W., Jack, C.R., Weiner, M.W., and Thompson, P.M. (2008). Tensor-Based Morphometry as a Neuroimaging Biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An MRI Study of 676 AD, MCI, and Normal Subjects, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.07.013"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christopher-Hayes, N.J., Embury, C.M., Wiesman, A.I., May, P.E., Schantell, M., Johnson, C.M., Wolfson, S.L., Murman, D.L., and Wilson, T.W. (2023). Piecing It Together: Atrophy Profiles of Hippocampal Subfields Relate to Cognitive Impairment along the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Spectrum. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1212197"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0127-z","article-title":"Staging of Alzheimer Disease-Associated Neurofibrillary Pathology Using Paraffin Sections and Immunocytochemistry","volume":"112","author":"Braak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2021.253","article-title":"Specificity of Entorhinal Atrophy MRI Scale in Predicting Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Conversion","volume":"50","author":"Roberge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.11.006","article-title":"Entorhinal Cortex Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"46","author":"Igarashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.075","article-title":"MRI Hippocampal and Entorhinal Cortex Mapping in Predicting Conversion to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"60","author":"Devanand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e084171","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.084171","article-title":"Improved Gray and White Matter Volume Loss Analysis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using High Resolution 3D MRI","volume":"20","author":"Salokhiddinov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.62641\/aep.v53i4.1914","article-title":"Investigating the Correlation Between Gray Matter Volume Changes and Cognitive Function Among Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients: An MRI-Based Analysis","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Actas Esp. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liou, K., Thomopoulos, S.I., Yoo, H., Shuai, Y., Chehrzadeh, S., Arani, A., Borowski, B., Reid, R.I., Jack, C.R., and Weiner, M.W. (2025). DTI versus NODDI White Matter Microstructural Biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.08.22.671829"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2269","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207250","article-title":"White Matter Degeneration Pathways Associated with Tau Deposition in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"100","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230124","article-title":"Coupling Between Hippocampal Parenchymal Fraction and Cortical Grey Matter Atrophy at Different Stages of Cognitive Decline","volume":"93","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, F., Wang, J., Lin, M., Li, B., Han, S., Wang, S., Jin, Y., Hu, N., Chen, Y., and Shang, X. (2024). Correspondence Between White Matter Hyperintensities and Regional Grey Matter Volumes in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1429098"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13987","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Association of APOE \u03954 Genotype with Longitudinal Hippocampal Atrophy in Cognitively Normal Older People","volume":"26","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00943-x","article-title":"Sex Difference in Brain Functional Connectivity of Hippocampus in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"46","author":"Williamson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Field Strength, Total Intracranial Volume, Sex, and Age Effects on the Goodness of Harmonization for Volumetric Analysis on the ADNI Database","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2510486122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2510486122","article-title":"Sex Differences in Healthy Brain Aging Are Unlikely to Explain Higher Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Prevalence in Women","volume":"122","author":"Ravndal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills, Z.B., Faull, R.L.M., and Kwakowsky, A. (2023). Is Hormone Replacement Therapy a Risk Factor or a Therapeutic Option for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043205"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosconi, L., Rahman, A., Diaz, I., Wu, X., Scheyer, O., Hristov, H.W., Vallabhajosula, S., Isaacson, R.S., de Leon, M.J., and Brinton, R.D. (2018). Increased Alzheimer\u2019s Risk during the Menopause Transition: A 3-Year Longitudinal Brain Imaging Study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207885"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90084-y","article-title":"Menopause Impacts Human Brain Structure, Connectivity, Energy Metabolism, and Amyloid-Beta Deposition","volume":"11","author":"Mosconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-5-1016","article-title":"Age, Disease, and Changing Sex Hormone Levels in Middle-Aged Men: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study","volume":"73","author":"Gray","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09728-7","article-title":"Testosterone, Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Ageing Men","volume":"23","author":"Yeap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2015189","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.15189","article-title":"Type of Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Risk of Dementia Among Patients with Prostate Cancer in Taiwan","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolahchi, Z., Henkel, N., Eladawi, M.A., Villarreal, E.C., Kandimalla, P., Lundh, A., McCullumsmith, R.E., and Cuevas, E. (2024). Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Genetic, Hormonal, and Inflammation Impacts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158485"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14598","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14598","article-title":"Association of Genetic Risk Score for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease with Late-Life Body Mass Index in All of Us: Evaluating Reverse Causation","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00830-7","article-title":"Investigating the Relationship Between BMI Across Adulthood and Late Life Brain Pathologies","volume":"13","author":"Lane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheime. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e097998","DOI":"10.1002\/alz70856_097998","article-title":"Reference Proteins to Improve Performance of Core 1 and Core 2 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease CSF and Plasma Biomarkers","volume":"21","author":"Karlsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/18\/2975\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:15:31Z","timestamp":1789532131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/18\/2975"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16182975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16182975","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}}}