{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:01:11Z","timestamp":1792789271524,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Szeged","award":["5S 445 (A202)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5S 445 (A202)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01pnej532","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["5S 445 (A202)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5S 445 (A202)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01pnej532","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Galectins represent a family of proteins which are capable of specifically binding to beta-galactoside-containing sugar molecules, known as glycans. Galectins possess carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) that fundamentally determine their ability to bind to sugars. Galectin-14 (Gal-14) and galectin-16 (Gal-16) are members of the galectin family that is particularly associated with the placenta. The galectins in the placenta constitute a specialized subgroup functioning at the maternal\u2013fetal interface. They are expressed primarily in the syncytiotrophoblasts. This trophoblast layer is in direct contact with maternal blood and plays a crucial role in the metabolic, hormonal and immunological interactions between the fetus and the pregnant woman. In order to prepare this structured narrative review, we conducted a structured literature search across the MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science Core Collection databases; the final search has been performed on 1 July 2026. The search strategy has combined the terms galectin-14\/LGALS14 and galectin-16\/LGALS16 with terms related to the placenta, trophoblast, pregnancy, placentation and pregnancy complications. Search results were imported into Mendeley Reference Manager to remove duplicates, and the reference lists of relevant review articles and studies were manually screened. Two reviewers (Z.K. and A.S.) independently screened the titles and abstracts and subsequently evaluated the potentially relevant full-text articles. The final evidence synthesis included primary studies that directly investigated the expression, function, regulation, or clinical associations of LGALS14 or LGALS16; secondary publications were used for background and contextual information. In experimental studies, galectin-14 has been linked to trophoblast migration and invasion\u2014involving mechanisms such as the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway, MMP-9 and N-cadherin\u2014as well as to the modulation of activated maternal immune cell function. Galectin-16 is structurally more distinct and exhibits reduced classical \u03b2-galactoside-binding capacity; it appears to be closely associated with trophoblast differentiation and syncytialization, presumably through intracellular protein interactions. Altered expression of placenta-specific galectins has been observed in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction; however, the causal relationship remains unclear. Clinical evidence regarding their use as biomarkers is emerging at this time; therefore, neither galectin-14 nor galectin-16 can be currently considered as a validated, clinically applicable biomarker. Altogether, available evidence mandates further study of galectin-14 and galectin-16, as they may be important regulators of placental biology and potential biomarker candidates. However, their physiological functions and clinical utility have not yet been sufficiently confirmed; therefore, further prospective and functional studies are required. The strongest putative mechanistic link to the development of preeclampsia exists for galectin-14, primarily involving trophoblast migration and invasion as well as PI3K\/Akt-related signaling pathways. In contrast, evidence in connection with the direct role of galectin-16 is limited at present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16193188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:20:59Z","timestamp":1790781659000},"page":"3188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Least Understood Placental Galectins: Galectin-14 and Galectin-16 in Human Pregnancy and Placental Biology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7485-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoltan","family":"Kozinszky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-1134 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Capio Specialized Center for Gynecology, 171 45 Solna, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakov Rachamin","family":"Karo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-1134 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3471-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jak\u00f3","family":"M\u00e1ria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-1134 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ri\u00f3","family":"Vincze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-1134 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"Sikovanyecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Genetic Center, Hungarian Defence Forces Medical Center, H-1134 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"Sikovanyecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-1134 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Tidrenczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Genetic Center, Hungarian Defence Forces Medical Center, H-1134 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1lint","family":"Kopp\u00e1ny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Genetic Center, Hungarian Defence Forces Medical Center, H-1134 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-4269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Gullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter","family":"Ducza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs","family":"V\u00e1rb\u00edr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-1134 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1168-7261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Sur\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-1134 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31891-4","article-title":"Galectins: Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins","volume":"269","author":"Barondes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs208884","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.208884","article-title":"Galectins at a glance","volume":"131","author":"Johannes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-025-01061-w","article-title":"Maternal and placental galectins: Key players in the feto-maternal symbiotic tango","volume":"47","author":"Oravecz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-026-02768-4","article-title":"Glycobiology-driven therapeutic targeting of glycan-binding proteins: Mechanisms, diseases, and clinical translation","volume":"11","author":"Popatia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2536","article-title":"Turning \u201csweet\u201d on immunity: Galectin-glycan interactions in immune tolerance and inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.151159","article-title":"The galectin lattice at a glance","volume":"128","author":"Nabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-024-01010-z","article-title":"Intracellular galectin interactions in health and disease","volume":"46","author":"Jacob","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0106-3_2","article-title":"Galectins as pattern recognition receptors: Structure, function, and evolution","volume":"946","author":"Vasta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1527","article-title":"Galectins as modulators of tumour progression","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.004","article-title":"Regulatory circuits mediated by lectin-glycan interactions in autoimmunity and cancer","volume":"36","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2146","article-title":"Roles of galectins in infection","volume":"7","author":"Vasta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GLYC.0000014072.34840.04","article-title":"Introduction to galectins","volume":"19","author":"Leffler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Cummings, R.D., and Liu, F.T. (2017). Galectins. Essentials of Glycobiology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399408000719","article-title":"Galectins: Structure, function and therapeutic potential","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/3.4.297","article-title":"The family of metazoan metal-independent \u03b2-galactoside-binding lectins: Structure, function and molecular evolution","volume":"3","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(02)00310-0","article-title":"Galectinomics: Finding themes in complexity","volume":"1572","author":"Cooper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(01)01289-5","article-title":"Galectins as modulators of cell adhesion","volume":"83","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06386.x","article-title":"Galectins in acute and chronic inflammation","volume":"1253","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00790.x","article-title":"Galectins in innate immunity: Dual functions of host soluble \u03b2-galactoside-binding lectins as damage-associated molecular patterns and as receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns","volume":"230","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arthur, C.M., Baruffi, M.D., Cummings, R.D., and Stowell, S.R. (2015). Evolving mechanistic insights into galectin functions. Galectins: Methods and Protocols, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1396-1_1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524014666140603101953","article-title":"Galectins: Major signaling modulators inside and outside the cell","volume":"14","author":"Compagno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Varki, A., Cummings, R.D., Esko, J.D., Stanley, P., Hart, G.W., Aebi, M., Mohnen, D., Kinoshita, T., Packer, N.H., and Prestegard, J.H. (2022). Essentials of Glycobiology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.09.003","article-title":"Galectins: Guardians of eutherian pregnancy at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"23","author":"Than","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balogh, A., Toth, E., Romero, R., Parej, K., Csala, D., Szenasi, N.L., Hajdu, I., Juhasz, K., Kovacs, A.F., and Meiri, H. (2019). Placental galectins are key players in regulating the maternal adaptive immune response. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01240"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jovanovi\u0107 Krivoku\u0107a, M., Viloti\u0107, A., Nacka-Aleksi\u0107, M., Pirkovi\u0107, A., \u0106uji\u0107, D., Legner, J., Dekanski, D., and Boji\u0107-Trbojevi\u0107, \u017d. (2022). Galectins in Early Pregnancy and Pregnancy-Associated Pathologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010069"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmae006","article-title":"Revealing the molecular landscape of human placenta: A systematic review and meta-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing studies","volume":"30","author":"Derisoud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1680","article-title":"A pivotal role for galectin-1 in fetomaternal tolerance","volume":"13","author":"Blois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2015.02.25","article-title":"Galectins: Double-edged Swords in the Cross-roads of Pregnancy Complications and Female Reproductive Tract Inflammation and Neoplasia","volume":"49","author":"Than","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Than, N.G., Balogh, A., Romero, R., K\u00e1rp\u00e1ti, \u00c9., Erez, O., Szil\u00e1gyi, A., Kovalszky, I., Sammar, M., Gizurarson, S., and Matk\u00f3, J. (2014). Placental Protein 13 (PP13)\u2014A Placental Immunoregulatory Galectin Protecting Pregnancy. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00348"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blois, S.M., Dveksler, G., Vasta, G.R., Freitag, N., Blanchard, V., and Barrientos, G. (2019). Pregnancy Galectinology: Insights into a Complex Network of Glycan Binding Proteins. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01166"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oravecz, O., Romero, R., T\u00f3th, E., Kapit\u00e1ny, J., Posta, M., Gallo, D.M., Rossi, S.W., Tarca, A.L., Erez, O., and Papp, Z. (2022). Placental galectins regulate innate and adaptive immune responses in pregnancy. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1088024"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.07.087","article-title":"Galectin-8 is expressed by villous and extravillous trophoblast of the human placenta","volume":"32","author":"Vicovac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-100003","article-title":"Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"31","author":"Erlebacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x","article-title":"The immune system in pregnancy: A unique complexity","volume":"63","author":"Mor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.06.038","article-title":"Growth and function of the normal human placenta","volume":"114","author":"Gude","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100814-125620","article-title":"Placenta: The forgotten organ","volume":"31","author":"Maltepe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioad114","article-title":"Placental galectins: A subfamily of galectins lose the ability to bind \u03b2-galactosides with new structural features","volume":"109","author":"Pei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msh082","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of the vertebrate galectin family","volume":"21","author":"Houzelstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuselier, C., Dumoulin, A., Par\u00e9, A., Nehm\u00e9, R., Ajarrag, S., Granger Joly de Boissel, P., Chatenet, D., Doucet, N., and St-Pierre, Y. (2023). Placental Galectins in Cancer: Why We Should Pay More Attention. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030437"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.07.015","article-title":"Evolutionary origins of the placental expression of chromosome 19 cluster galectins and their complex dysregulation in preeclampsia","volume":"35","author":"Than","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA\u2014A scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511344103","article-title":"Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis","volume":"103","author":"Wildman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0698-6","article-title":"Single-cell reconstruction of the early maternal-fetal interface in humans","volume":"563","author":"Efremova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau4788","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau4788","article-title":"A single-cell survey of the human first-trimester placenta and decidua","volume":"4","author":"Suryawanshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0066-y","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals the diversity of trophoblast subtypes and differentiation trajectories in the human placenta","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15441","article-title":"Structure-function studies of galectin-14, an important effector molecule in embryology","volume":"288","author":"Si","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GLYC.0000014073.23096.3a","article-title":"Galectin genes: Regulation of expression","volume":"19","author":"Chiariotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.12128","article-title":"Insights into cAMP-dependent molecular mechanisms regulating expression and function of LGALS16 gene in choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells","volume":"48","author":"Kaminker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Xu, Y., Wang, P., Xu, Y., Jin, P., Wu, Z., Qian, Y., Bai, L., and Dong, M. (2021). Galectin-14 promotes trophoblast migration and invasion through activation of the Akt signaling pathway and regulation of MMP-9 and N-cadherin. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.645658"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.06.006","article-title":"Expression of Galectin-1, -3 (gal-1, gal-3) and the Thomsen\u2013Friedenreich (TF) Antigen in Normal, IUGR, Preeclamptic and HELLP Placentas","volume":"28","author":"Jeschke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.05.010","article-title":"Noninvasive detection of trophoblast protein signatures linked to early pregnancy loss using trophoblast retrieval and isolation from the cervix (TRIC)","volume":"104","author":"Fritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.577","article-title":"Pathophysiology of placental-derived fetal growth restriction","volume":"218","author":"Burton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/378736a0","article-title":"Apoptosis of T cells mediated by galectin-1","volume":"378","author":"Perillo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"33","article-title":"Galectins in angiogenesis: Consequences for gestation","volume":"132","author":"Blois","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20547","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802495200","article-title":"Dimeric Galectin-8 induces phosphatidylserine exposure in leukocytes through polylactosamine recognition by the C-terminal domain","volume":"283","author":"Stowell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903568106","article-title":"A primate subfamily of galectins expressed at the maternal\u2013fetal interface that promote immune cell death","volume":"106","author":"Than","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111726","article-title":"Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia","volume":"308","author":"Redman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l2381","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l2381","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia: Pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"366","author":"Burton","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000357592","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and classification of fetal growth restriction and proposal of a stage-based management protocol","volume":"36","author":"Figueras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plows, J.F., Stanley, J.L., Baker, P.N., Reynolds, C.M., and Vickers, M.H. (2018). The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"235","article-title":"Galectin expression in cancer diagnosis and prognosis: A systematic review","volume":"1855","author":"Thijssen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0753-3","article-title":"Long-term, hormone-responsive organoid cultures of human endometrium and trophoblast","volume":"564","author":"Turco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"109","article-title":"Self-renewing trophoblast organoids recapitulate the developmental program of the early human placenta","volume":"563","author":"Haider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"S23","article-title":"Characterisation of syncytiotrophoblast vesicles in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"34","author":"Tannetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salomon, C., Torres, M.J., Kobayashi, M., Scholz-Romero, K., Sobrevia, L., Dobierzewska, A., Illanes, S.E., Mitchell, M.D., and Rice, G.E. (2014). A gestational profile of placental exosomes in maternal plasma and their effects on maternal physiology. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098667"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Sundblad, V., Croci, D.O., and Rabinovich, G.A. (2011). Regulated expression of galectins in inflammation and immunity. Front. Immunol., 2."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/19\/3188\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:15:07Z","timestamp":1791519307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/19\/3188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16193188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16193188","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}