{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:01:47Z","timestamp":1791198107491,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Handheld ultrasound (HHUS) is increasingly used in point-of-care imaging because of its portability, accessibility, versatility, and comparatively low cost. Methods: This structured narrative technical review evaluated current HHUS technology, image quality and functionality, clinical applications, regulatory considerations, and future perspectives using recent literature, comparative studies, technical sources, and previous EFSUMB\/WFUMB position papers. A structured SWOT analysis informed draft recommendations, which underwent three rounds of scientific discussion and revision by a 17-member international multidisciplinary expert panel. Each of the seven final recommendations was subsequently voted on separately, with consensus predefined as \u226580% agreement. Results: While HHUS devices are increasingly suitable for routine clinical use, further standardization, clinician training, and regulatory alignment are essential for widespread adoption. Conclusions: HHUS can expand access to focused ultrasound imaging, particularly in point-of-care and resource-limited settings. Its appropriate use requires task-specific device selection, adequate training, quality assurance, and recognition of its limitations compared with comprehensive ultrasound systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16193215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:02:27Z","timestamp":1791194547000},"page":"3215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Handheld Ultrasound: Technical Review and International Expert Consensus Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6015-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph F.","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Education and Excellence, 3626 Thun, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Blaivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29225, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Cantisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Benessere, Salute e Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, (BeSSA) Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed El","family":"Kaffas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiology and Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0176-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Goudie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9663-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole","family":"Graumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Karlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Merkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Caritas-Klinik Dominikus, 13467 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Brandenburg Institute for Clinical Ultrasound (BICUS), Brandenburg Medical University, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9492-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department I\/Gastroenterology, Sana Hospital Lichtenberg, 10365 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9380-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Bachman","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian P\u00e1llson","family":"Nolsoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surgical Ultrasound, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, 4600 K\u00f8ge, Denmark"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8579-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Snelling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8099-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Wastl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Intensive Care, Hochtaunus-Kliniken Bad Homburg, 61352 Bad Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7008-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Jenssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brandenburg Institute for Clinical Ultrasound (BICUS), Brandenburg Medical University, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus M\u00e4rkisch Oderland, 15344 Strausberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"549","article-title":"Sonographic status of upper abdomen. 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