{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:31:34Z","timestamp":1762079494694,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab (TGM\/CGM) are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against different epitopes of the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that have been considered as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Objectives: This study seeks to assess the efficacy and safety of TGM\/CGM to prevent COVID-19 in patients at high risk for breakthrough and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection who never benefited maximally from SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and for those who have a contraindication to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Design: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed. Methods: Electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, medRxiv, ProQuest, Wiley online library, Medline, and Nature) were searched from 1 December 2021 to 30 November 2022 in the English language using the following keywords alone or in combination: 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, tixagevimab, cilgavimab, combination, monoclonal, passive, immunization, antibody, efficacy, clinical trial, cohort, pre-exposure, prophylaxis, and prevention. We included studies in moderate to severe immunocompromised adults (aged \u226518 years) and children (aged \u226512 years) who cannot be vaccinated against COVID-19 or may have an inadequate response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The effect sizes of the outcome of measures were pooled with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and risk ratios (RRs). Results: Of the 76 papers that were identified, 30 articles were included in the qualitative analysis and 13 articles were included in the quantitative analysis (23 cohorts, 5 case series, 1 care report, and 1 randomized clinical trial). Studies involving 27,932 patients with high risk for breakthrough and severe COVID-19 that reported use of TGM\/CGM combination were analyzed (all were adults (100%), 62.8% were men, and patients were mainly immunocompromised (66.6%)). The patients\u2019 ages ranged from 19.7 years to 79.8 years across studies. TGM\/CGM use was associated with lower COVID-19-related hospitalization rate (0.54% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.27), lower ICU admission rate (0.6% vs. 5.2%, p = 0.68), lower mortality rate (0.2% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.67), higher neutralization of COVID-19 Omicron variant rate (12.9% vs. 6%, p = 0.60), lower proportion of patients who needed oxygen therapy (8% vs. 41.2%, p = 0.27), lower RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate (2.1% vs. 5.8%, p &lt; 0.01), lower proportion of patients who had severe COVID-19 (0% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.79), lower proportion of patients who had symptomatic COVID-19 (1.8% vs. 6%, p = 0.22), and higher adverse effects rate (11.1% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.0066) than no treatment or other alternative treatment in the prevention of COVID-19. Conclusion: For PrEP, TGM\/CGM-based treatment can be associated with a better clinical outcome than no treatment or other alternative treatment. However, more randomized control trials are warranted to confirm our findings and investigate the efficacy and safety of TGM\/CGM to prevent COVID-19 in patients at risk for breakthrough or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases10040118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T01:44:46Z","timestamp":1669945486000},"page":"118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Tixagevimab\/Cilgavimab to Prevent COVID-19 (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4552-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Alhumaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Al Mutair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Prince Sultan Military College, Dharan 34313, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jalal","family":"Alali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad Hofuf Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nourah","family":"Al Dossary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Department, Alomran General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36358, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami Hussain","family":"Albattat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Haematology and Oncology, Pediatric Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36422, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah Mahmoud","family":"Al HajjiMohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Prince Saud Bin Jalawi Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36424, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Saad","family":"Almuaiweed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Aljafr General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 7110, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam Radhi","family":"AlZaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Prince Saud Bin Jalawi Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36424, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Jaber","family":"Alomran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department, Aljafr Hospital, Al-Ahsa 7110, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zainab Sabri","family":"Alqurini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Abduljalil","family":"Alsultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thamer Saeed","family":"Alhajji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukainah Mohammad","family":"Alshaikhnasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Aljafr General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 7110, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Al motared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Eradah Complex and Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Najran 66248, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koblan M.","family":"Al mutared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Najran 66255, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Hajissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Rabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health\/Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220626","article-title":"Humoral and T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients receiving immunosuppression","volume":"80","author":"Prendecki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5623","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27044","article-title":"Lack of immune response after mRNA vaccination to SARS-CoV-2 in a solid organ transplant patient","volume":"93","author":"Rusk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.01.022","article-title":"COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review of cancer, hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplant patients","volume":"82","author":"Belsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101639","article-title":"COVID-19 in liver transplant recipients: The French SOT COVID registry","volume":"45","author":"Dumortier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"9941570","article-title":"Factors predicting outcome in intensive care unit-admitted COVID-19 patients: Using clinical, laboratory, and radiologic characteristics","volume":"2021","author":"Abkhoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.07.022","article-title":"A rapid decline in the anti-receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG titer in kidney transplant recipients after tixagevimab-cilgavimab administration","volume":"102","author":"Benotmane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, August 22). US Food and Drug Administration. Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers: Emergency Use Authorization for Evusheld (Tixagevimab Co-Packaged with Cilgavimab), Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/154701\/download."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o722","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o722","article-title":"COVID-19: Evusheld is approved in UK for prophylaxis in immunocompromised people","volume":"376","author":"Wise","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116620","article-title":"Intramuscular AZD7442 (tixagevimab\u2013cilgavimab) for prevention of COVID-19","volume":"386","author":"Levin","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Jurdi, A., Morena, L., Cote, M., Bethea, E., Azzi, J., and Riella, L.V. (2022). Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab pre-exposure prophylaxis is associated with lower breakthrough infection risk in vaccinated solid organ transplant recipients during the omicron wave. Am. J. Transplant. Off. J. Am. Soc. Transplant. Am. Soc. Transpl. Surg.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.17.22274980"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.05.007","article-title":"Efficacy of anti\u2013SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody prophylaxis and vaccination on the Omicron variant of COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"102","author":"Bertrand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.07.008","article-title":"COVID-19 morbidity decreases with Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab preexposure prophylaxis in kidney transplant recipients non\/low vaccine responders","volume":"102","author":"Kaminski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"151","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses","volume":"2","author":"Peterson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ott. Ott. Hosp. Res. Inst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.08.025","article-title":"Metal stents versus plastic stents for the management of pancreatic walled-off necrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Bazerbachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2006.04.004","article-title":"Random-effects model for meta-analysis of clinical trials: An update","volume":"28","author":"DerSimonian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.17121","article-title":"Breakthrough COVID-19 cases despite prophylaxis with 150 mg of tixagevimab and 150 mg of cilgavimab in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"22","author":"Benotmane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.05.008","article-title":"Pre-exposure prophylaxis with 300 mg Evusheld\u2122 elicits limited neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant","volume":"102","author":"Benotmane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01792-5","article-title":"Serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages BA. 1 and BA. 2 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies","volume":"28","author":"Bruel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103905","article-title":"Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld) boosts antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with multiple sclerosis on b-cell depleters","volume":"63","author":"Conte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.512","article-title":"Breakthrough COVID-19 infections in vaccinated recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"3","author":"Fourati","year":"2022","journal-title":"EJHaem"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e458","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(22)00099-6","article-title":"Pre-exposure anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies in severely immunocompromised patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"4","author":"Goulenok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karaba, A.H., Kim, J., Chiang, T.P.-Y., Alejo, J.L., Abedon, A.T., Mitchell, J., Chang, A., Eby, Y., Johnston, T.S., and Aytenfisu, T.Y. (2022). Omicron BA. 1 and BA. 2 Neutralizing Activity Following Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis with Tixagevimab plus Cilgavimab in Vaccinated Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.24.22275467"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kertes, J., David, S.S.B., Engel-Zohar, N., Rosen, K., Hemo, B., Kantor, A., Adler, L., Stein, N.S., Reuveni, M.M., and Shahar, A. (2022). Association between AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) administration and SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization and mortality. Clin. Infect. Dis., ciac625.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac625"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleiboeker, H.L., Jorgenson, M.R., and Smith, J.A. (2022). Myalgia in liver transplant recipients after receiving tixagevimab\/cilgavimab for pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19: A case series. Transpl. Infect. Dis. Off. J. Transplant. Soc.","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13932"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac253","article-title":"Targeted SARS-CoV-2 treatment is associated with decreased mortality in immunocompromised patients with COVID-19","volume":"77","author":"Lafont","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654.e1\u20131654.e4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.07.015","article-title":"Pre-exposure prophylaxis with tixagevimab and cilgavimab (Evusheld\u00a9) for COVID-19 among 1112 severely immunocompromised patients","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34354","article-title":"Seroconversion and outcomes after initial and booster COVID-19 vaccination in adults with hematologic malignancies","volume":"128","author":"Ollila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ordaya, E.E., Beam, E., Yao, J.D., Razonable, R.R., and Vergidis, P. (2022). Characterization of Early-Onset Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Immunocompromised Patients Who Received Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab Prophylaxis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac283"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.05.007","article-title":"Activity of AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 in patients with hematologic malignancies","volume":"40","author":"Stuver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897748","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.897748","article-title":"Case report: Variant-specific pre-exposure prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple sclerosis patients lacking vaccination responses","volume":"13","author":"Woopen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young-Xu, Y., Epstein, L., Marconi, V.C., Davey, V., Zwain, G., Smith, J., Korves, C., Cunningham, F., Bonomo, R., and Ginde, A.A. (2022). Tixagevimab\/Cilgavimab for Prevention of COVID-19 during the Omicron Surge: Retrospective Analysis of National VA Electronic Data. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.28.22275716"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.08.019","article-title":"Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld\u00a9) in Rituximab-treated ANCA Vasculitis Patients","volume":"7","author":"Aqeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zerbit, J., Detroit, M., Meyer, A., Decroocq, J., Deau-Fischer, B., Deschamps, P., Birsen, R., Mondesir, J., Franchi, P., and Miekoutima, E. (2022). Patients with Hematological Malignancies Treated with T-Cell or B-Cell Immunotherapy Remain at High Risk of Severe Forms of COVID-19 in the Omicron Era. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112377"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Totschnig, D., Augustin, M., Niculescu, I., Laferl, H., Jansen-Skoupy, S., Lehmann, C., Wenisch, C., and Zoufaly, A. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis with Sotrovimab and Tixagevimab\/Cilgavimab in Immunocompromised Patients\u2014A Single-Center Experience. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102278"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ocon, A.J., and Mustafa, S.S. (2022). Real-World Experience of Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld) in Rheumatologic Patients on Rituximab. JCR J. Clin. Rheumatol.","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001907"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najjar-Debbiny, R., Gronich, N., Weber, G., Stein, N., and Saliba, W. (2022). Effectiveness of Evusheld in Immunocompromised Patients: Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac855"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, J.A., Granger, K., Roubal, K., Smith, D., Gaffney, K.J., McGann, M., Cendagorta, A., Thurlapati, A., Herbst, A., and Hendrickson, L. (2022). Efficacy of tixagevimab-cilgavimab in preventing SARS-CoV-2 for patients with B-cell malignancies. Blood.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022018283"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cochran, W., Salto-Alejandre, S., Barker, L., Langlee, J., Freed, K., Carter, D., Bannon, J., Goddard, D., Mostafa, H., and Werbel, W. (2022). COVID-19 Outcomes in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Who Received Tixagevimab-cilgavimab Prophylaxis and\/or Bebtelovimab Treatment in a Nurse-driven Monoclonal Antibody Program during the Omicron Surge. Transplantation.","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004418"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002557","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002557","article-title":"Early experience with tixagevimab\/cilgavimab pre-exposure prophylaxis in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease undergoing B cell depleting therapy and those with inborn errors of humoral immunity","volume":"8","author":"Calabrese","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Obaidi, M.M., Gungor, A.B., Kurtin, S.E., Mathias, A.E., Tanriover, B., and Zangeneh, T.T. (2022). The prevention of COVID-19 in high-risk patients using tixagevimab\u2013cilgavimab (Evusheld): Real-world experience at a large academic center. Am. J. Med.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2022.08.019"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.04.024","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies as anti-infective products: A promising future?","volume":"25","author":"Pelfrene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00542-x","article-title":"Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2548-6","article-title":"Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"584","author":"Zost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04389-z","article-title":"Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization","volume":"602","author":"Planas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100348","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.16.2100348","article-title":"Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B. 1.1. 7, B. 1.351 or P. 1: Data from seven EU\/EEA countries, weeks 38\/2020 to 10\/2021","volume":"26","author":"Funk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2206576","article-title":"Neutralization escape by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA. 2.12. 1, BA. 4, and BA. 5","volume":"387","author":"Hachmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2207519","article-title":"Efficacy of antibodies and antiviral drugs against omicron BA. 2.12. 1, BA. 4, and BA. 5 subvariants","volume":"387","author":"Takashita","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birabaharan, M., Hill, E., Begur, M., Kaelber, D.C., Martin, T., and Mehta, S.R. (2022). Cardiovascular outcomes after tixagevimab and cilgavimab use for pre-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19: A population-based propensity-matched cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac894"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.08.022","article-title":"Incidence of venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"196","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.024","article-title":"Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy","volume":"191","author":"Lodigiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.08.070","article-title":"Registry of arterial and venous thromboembolic complications in patients with COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Piazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabaan, A.A., Bakhrebah, M.A., Mutair, A.A., Alhumaid, S., Al-Jishi, J.M., AlSihati, J., Albayat, H., Alsheheri, A., Aljeldah, M., and Garout, M. (2022). Systematic review on pathophysiological complications in severe COVID-19 among the non-vaccinated and vaccinated population. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10070985"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirsch, C., Park, Y.S., Piechotta, V., Chai, K.L., Estcourt, L.J., Monsef, I., Salomon, S., Wood, E.M., So-Osman, C., and McQuilten, Z. (2022). SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014945"}],"container-title":["Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/10\/4\/118\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:32:13Z","timestamp":1760146333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/10\/4\/118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diseases10040118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases10040118","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9721"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-9721"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}}}