{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:08:27Z","timestamp":1790125707055,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This review aims to describe and compare the risk factors, clinical course, diagnosis, and parasitologic features of external ophthalmomyiasis. We also discuss the different preventive measures and the effect of global warming in a large case series reported from January 2000 to December 2022. Methods: We perform a literature review of reported cases of external ophthalmomyiasis to determine the clinical characteristics, therapeutic management, and information on the organisms that most commonly cause external ophthalmomyiasis. Results: A total of 312 cases of external ophthalmomyiasis were recorded. The most common causative organism was Oestrus ovis (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Oestridae), accounting for 72.1% of cases, followed by Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, 1781) (Diptera: Oestridae) at 5.4%, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%, and Chrysomyia bezziana (Villeneuve) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%. Before experiencing symptoms, 43.6% of cases reported having direct contact with flies or being hit in the eye, 33% reported no associated risk factors, 9.3% reported living with sheep and goats, and 7.7% reported a history of foreign objects entering the eye. The most common symptoms for those affected by O. ovis were sudden onset, including a foreign body sensation and movement, redness, tearing, itching, swelling, irritation, photophobia, burning, and ocular secretion. In cases caused by D. hominis, symptoms included eyelid edema, pain, redness, itching, movement within the lesion, ocular irritation, and discharge. Regarding occupational or recreational activity, agriculture, and livestock had the highest incidence, followed by trades and technical activities, being a student, and having traveled to an endemic region for work or recreation. Conclusion: Patients with red eyes may suffer from external ophthalmomyiasis, which requires a thorough examination to diagnose and treat it early. Moreover, as the temperature increases due to climate change, it is essential to consider how this will affect the spread of different pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11040180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T06:56:00Z","timestamp":1702277760000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ophthalmomyiasis Externa and Importance of Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations, and Diagnosis: Review of the Medical Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5301-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Martinez-Rojano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegaci\u00f3n Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Medicina Laboral, Instituto de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Epidemiol\u00f3gicos, Francisco de P. Miranda No. 177, Colonia Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 01480, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7935-9758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Her\u00f3n","family":"Huerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Entomolog\u00eda, Instituto de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Epidemiol\u00f3gicos, Francisco de P. Miranda No. 177, Colonia Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 01480, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reyna","family":"S\u00e1mano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5741-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Chico-Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6430-3997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Mier-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2949-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estibeyesbo Said","family":"Plascencia-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegaci\u00f3n Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-010-0081-9","article-title":"La myiase conjonctivale humaine \u00e0 Oestrus ovis dans le sud tunisien [Conjonctival human myiasis by Oestrus ovis in southern Tunisia]","volume":"103","author":"Anane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. 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