{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:45:13Z","timestamp":1790934313224,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: \u201cEagle Syndrome\u201d, also known as \u201cstylalgia\u201d or a \u201cstylohyoid chain anomaly\u201d, typically manifests with ipsilateral orofacial pain, a foreign body sensation in the throat, and ear-related symptoms. Despite these common presentations, its potential association with carotid artery dissection is not widely acknowledged. (2) Methods: This article presents an extremely rare case of a patient diagnosed with an ischemic stroke in the left hemisphere, followed by the dissection of the left internal carotid artery, initially with an unidentified cause. Subsequent examinations revealed elongated left styloid processes directly compressing the dissected artery. (3) Results: After initial treatment involving pharmacological and mechanical thrombectomy, styloidectomy restored blood flow to the internal carotid artery. The patient remained symptom-free during a 12-month follow-up. (4) Conclusions: This case emphasizes the importance of considering anatomical variations within the stylohyoid chain when assessing young individuals with neurological symptoms. Furthermore, it underscores the potential benefits of early surgical intervention in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12010024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T09:24:11Z","timestamp":1705051451000},"page":"24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Stylohyoid Chain Syndrome (Eagle Syndrome) in Conjunction with Carotid Artery Dissection: A Case Report of Surgical Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jakub","family":"Bargiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8180-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Gontarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"G\u0105siorowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Marecik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Wrona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Zapa\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7185-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Wyszy\u0144ska-Pawelec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1937.00650010656008","article-title":"Elongated styloid processes: Report of Two Cases","volume":"25","author":"Eagle","year":"1937","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1958.00730010178007","article-title":"Elongated Styloid Process: Symptoms and Treatment","volume":"67","author":"Eagle","year":"1958","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"265","article-title":"Length of the stylo- id process and anatomical implications for Eagle\u2019s syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Balcioglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0015.8627","article-title":"Does the orientation of the styloid process cause Eagle Syndrome? An anatomical study of the styloid process in 72 Greek skulls","volume":"76","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Polska"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.20.308","article-title":"Review of the external carotid plexus: Anatomy, function, and clinical manifestations","volume":"54","author":"Razipour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019917706050","article-title":"Eagle syndrome: A case report of stylocarotid syndrome with internal carotid artery dissection","volume":"23","author":"Smoot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2019.12.026","article-title":"Eagle Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Michiels","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Goodfriend, S.D., Tadi, P., and Koury, R. (2023). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)31177-0","article-title":"Dissections of Cervical and Cerebral Arteries","volume":"1","author":"Hart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318217e71c","article-title":"The outer arterial wall layers are primarily affected in spontaneous cervical artery dissection","volume":"76","author":"Dittrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"20230048","article-title":"Common carotid artery dissection from sportive choking","volume":"9","author":"Borg","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJR Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2016218184","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-218184","article-title":"Carotid artery dissection: A rare complication of Eagle syndrome","volume":"2017","author":"Subedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Vesalius, A. Ex off. Ioannis Oporini. De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Liber Septum."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1896.02430920010001d","article-title":"On bony growths invading the tonsil","volume":"27","author":"Stirling","year":"1896","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-190711000-00010","article-title":"Stylo-hyoid ossification","volume":"46","author":"Dwight","year":"1907","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1949.03760110046003","article-title":"Symptomatic elongated styloid process report of two cases of styloid process-carotid artery syndrome with operation","volume":"49","author":"Eagle","year":"1949","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2011.12.005","article-title":"Eagle Syndrome Revisited: Cerebrovascular Complications","volume":"26","author":"Todo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007795","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2023.1007795","article-title":"Genetics of spontaneous cervical and coronary artery dissections","volume":"4","author":"Rada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Glob. Women\u2032s Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.077073","article-title":"Seasonal variability in spontaneous cervical artery dissection","volume":"77","author":"Paciaroni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1886","article-title":"Carotid artery dissection due to elongated styloid process","volume":"53","author":"Zuber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2013009878","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-009878","article-title":"Internal carotid dissection caused by an elongated styloid process (Eagle syndrome)","volume":"2013","author":"Sveinsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.05.014","article-title":"Internal Carotid Artery Dissection Caused by an Elongated Styloid Process: Usefulness of Transoral Ultrasonography","volume":"21","author":"Ohara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.0024","article-title":"Carotid Artery Dissection Associated with an Elongated Styloid Process","volume":"52","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000123016.81648.B6","article-title":"Carotid artery dissection after prolonged head tilting while holding a newborn baby to sleep","volume":"62","author":"Soo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2012.00759.x","article-title":"Carotid Artery Dissection due to Elongated Styloid Process: A Self-Stabbing Phenomenon","volume":"24","author":"Razak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.159954","article-title":"Bilateral internal carotid artery dissection due to elongated styloid processes and shaking dancing","volume":"80","author":"Faivre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bargiel, J., Gontarz, M., Marecik, T., Szczurowski, P., G\u0105siorowski, K., Zapa\u0142a, J., and Wyszy\u0144ska-Pawelec, G. (2023). Minimally Invasive Cervical Styloidectomy in Stylohyoid Syndrome (Eagle Syndrome). J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.0129.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2020.12.034","article-title":"Can Styloid Process and Internal Carotid Artery Anatomy be Used to Predict Carotid Artery Dissection?","volume":"74","author":"Cruddas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-1502","article-title":"Transoral robotic surgery in Eagle\u2019s syndrome: Our experience on four patients","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Italy"}],"container-title":["Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/12\/1\/24\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:45:45Z","timestamp":1760103945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/12\/1\/24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["diseases12010024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases12010024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]}}}