{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:41:10Z","timestamp":1789656070567,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda \u201cIsidro Espinosa de los Reyes\u201d","award":["212250-3210-21007-03-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212250-3210-21007-03-16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In mammals, the placenta is a connection between a mother and a new developing organism. This tissue has a protective function against some microorganisms, transports nutrients, and exchanges gases and excretory substances between the mother and the fetus. Placental tissue is mainly composed of chorionic villi functional units called trophoblasts (cytotrophoblasts, the syncytiotrophoblast, and extravillous trophoblasts). However, some viruses have developed mechanisms that help them invade the placenta, causing various conditions such as necrosis, poor perfusion, and membrane rupture which, in turn, can impact the development of the fetus and put the mother\u2019s health at risk. In this study, we collected the most relevant information about viral infection during pregnancy which can affect both the mother and the fetus, leading to an increase in the probability of vertical transmission. Knowing these mechanisms could be relevant for new research in the maternal\u2013fetal context and may provide options for new therapeutic targets and biomarkers in fetal prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12030059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T05:56:07Z","timestamp":1710914167000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Collateral Damage in the Placenta during Viral Infection in Pregnancy: A Possible Mechanism for Vertical Transmission and an Adverse Pregnancy Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Victor Javier","family":"Cruz-Holgu\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virologia Perinatal y Dise\u00f1o Molecular de Antigenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Didier","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virologia Perinatal y Dise\u00f1o Molecular de Antigenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 07360, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolog\u00f3cas (ENCB), Instituto Politecnico Naciona, Mexico City 11350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel Adri\u00e1n","family":"Vel\u00e1zquez-Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virologia Perinatal y Dise\u00f1o Molecular de Antigenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruki","family":"Ar\u00e9valo-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunologia y Microbiologia Molecular, Division Academica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de M\u00e9ndez, Jalpa de Mendez 86205, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1415-6260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Adri\u00e1n","family":"De Jes\u00fas-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addy Cecilia","family":"Helguera-Repetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Le\u00f3n-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrigen\u00e9tica y Nutrigen\u00f3mica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma. Isabel","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolog\u00f3cas (ENCB), Instituto Politecnico Naciona, Mexico City 11350, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Vacunolog\u00eda y Virus Tropicales (LNVyVT), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolog\u00f3cas (ENCB), Instituto Politecnico Naciona, Mexico City 11350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2642-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"Cedillo-Barr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5726-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Le\u00f3n-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virologia Perinatal y Dise\u00f1o Molecular de Antigenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03104-6","article-title":"Human Placenta and Trophoblast Development: Key Molecular Mechanisms and Model Systems","volume":"76","author":"Haider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.03.039","article-title":"Human Placental Development and Function","volume":"131","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-061121-085246","article-title":"The Placenta: A Maternofetal Interface","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201500087","article-title":"The Basal Chorionic Trophoblast Cell Layer: An Emerging Coordinator of Placenta Development","volume":"38","author":"Walentin","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2020.08.010","article-title":"Progress in Deciphering Trophoblast Cell Differentiation during Human Placentation","volume":"67","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-018-1699-0","article-title":"Human Trophoblast Invasion: New and Unexpected Routes and Functions","volume":"150","author":"Moser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5526-3_7","article-title":"Placental Development and Nutritional Environment","volume":"1012","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.07.017","article-title":"Interferons and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Pregnancy and Fetal Development","volume":"49","author":"Yockey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00610-y","article-title":"Infections at the Maternal-Fetal Interface: An Overview of Pathogenesis and Defence","volume":"20","author":"Megli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007","article-title":"Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Arora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"ftx093","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Viral Infection in the Human Placenta","volume":"75","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.041","article-title":"Chronic Inflammation of the Placenta: Definition, Classification, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Significance","volume":"213","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01381-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01381-19","article-title":"Role of Inflammation in Virus Pathogenesis during Pregnancy","volume":"95","author":"Chudnovets","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narang, K., Cheek, E.H., Enninga, E.A.L., and Theiler, R.N. (2021). Placental Immune Responses to Viruses: Molecular and Histo-Pathologic Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062921"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782906","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2022.782906","article-title":"Downregulation of Transcriptional Activity, Increased Inflammation, and Damage in the Placenta Following in Utero Zika Virus Infection Is Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Creisher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salom\u00e3o, N., Rabelo, K., Avvad-Portari, E., Bas\u00edlio-de-Oliveira, C., Bas\u00edlio-de-Oliveira, R., Ferreira, F., Ferreira, L., de Souza, T.M., Nunes, P., and Lima, M. (2022). Histopathological and Immunological Characteristics of Placentas Infected with Chikungunya Virus. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1055536"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Noronha, L., Zanluca, C., Burger, M., Suzukawa, A.A., Azevedo, M., Rebutini, P.Z., Novadzki, I.M., Tanabe, L.S., Presibella, M.M., and Duarte Dos Santos, C.N. (2018). Zika Virus Infection at Different Pregnancy Stages: Anatomopathological Findings, Target Cells and Viral Persistence in Placental Tissues. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02266"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03798.x","article-title":"The Mechanisms of Placental Viral Infection","volume":"943","author":"Koi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2019.10.003","article-title":"Key Infections in the Placenta","volume":"47","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.002","article-title":"Zika Virus Targets Different Primary Human Placental Cells, Suggesting Two Routes for Vertical Transmission","volume":"20","author":"Tabata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"45","article-title":"Primary Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infection in Pregnancy","volume":"114","author":"Buxmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"BR230","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Abortion: An Immunohistochemical Study","volume":"8","author":"Spano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01681-2","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Inhibits the Proliferation and Invasion of Extravillous Cytotrophoblasts via Hippo-YAP Pathway","volume":"18","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"17248","article-title":"Role of Human Cytomegalovirus in the Proliferation and Invasion of Extravillous Cytotrophoblasts Isolated from Early Placentae","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744324","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.744324","article-title":"HLA-G: An Important Mediator of Maternal-Fetal Immune-Tolerance","volume":"12","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(00)00088-7","article-title":"Inhibition of Antigen Transport by Expression of Infected Cell Peptide 47 (ICP47) Prevents Cell Surface Expression of HLA in Choriocarcinoma Cell Lines","volume":"50","author":"Easterfield","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1006\/scbi.1998.0106","article-title":"HLA-G and HLA-C at the Feto-Maternal Interface: Lessons Learned from Pathogenic Viruses","volume":"9","author":"Schust","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.8.3375","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Blocks Intracellular Transport of HLA-G in Placentally Derived Human Cells","volume":"157","author":"Schust","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2020.07.005","article-title":"Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Miscarriage: Is There an Association?","volume":"59","author":"Basonidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv041","article-title":"The Role of Infection in Miscarriage","volume":"22","author":"Giakoumelou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Condrat, C.E., Filip, L., Gherghe, M., Cretoiu, D., and Suciu, N. (2021). Maternal HPV Infection: Effects on Pregnancy Outcome. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122455"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foresta, C., Patassini, C., Bertoldo, A., Menegazzo, M., Francavilla, F., Barzon, L., and Ferlin, A. (2011). Mechanism of Human Papillomavirus Binding to Human Spermatozoa and Fertilizing Ability of Infected Spermatozoa. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015036"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12615","article-title":"Presence of HPV 16 and HPV 18 in Spermatozoa and Embryos of Mice","volume":"35","author":"Mastora","year":"2021","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014736805127","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus and Blastocyst Apoptosis","volume":"19","author":"Calinisan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat6114","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat6114","article-title":"Immune Responses at the Maternal-Fetal Interface","volume":"4","author":"Ander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2011.01533.x","article-title":"Placental Immunology and Maternal Alloimmune Responses","volume":"102","author":"Kumpel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"171","article-title":"The Maternal Immune System during Pregnancy and Its Influence on Fetal Development","volume":"6","author":"Morelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6648.584","article-title":"A Prospective Study of Maternal and Fetal Outcome in Acute Lassa Fever Infection during Pregnancy","volume":"297","author":"Price","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2508.181299","article-title":"Retrospective Cohort Study of Lassa Fever in Pregnancy, Southern Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"Okogbenin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"137","article-title":"Lassa Fever in Pregnancy: Report of Two Maternal Deaths in a Tertiary Center in the Middle-Belt Region of Nigeria","volume":"26","author":"Adewole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr. J. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.3390\/v2112443","article-title":"Inhibition of the Type I Interferon Antiviral Response During Arenavirus Infection","volume":"2","author":"Borrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016404108","article-title":"Structure of the Lassa Virus Nucleoprotein Reveals a dsRNA-Specific 3\u2032 to 5\u2032 Exonuclease Activity Essential for Immune Suppression","volume":"108","author":"Hastie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13923","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01923-14","article-title":"Exonuclease Domain of the Lassa Virus Nucleoprotein Is Critical To Avoid RIG-I Signaling and To Inhibit the Innate Immune Response","volume":"88","author":"Reynard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23558","article-title":"Ebola Virus Disease and Pregnancy: A Review of the Current Knowledge of Ebola Virus Pathogenesis, Maternal, and Neonatal Outcomes","volume":"109","author":"Bebell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e678","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30147-4","article-title":"Pregnancy Outcomes in Liberian Women Who Conceived after Recovery from Ebola Virus Disease","volume":"4","author":"Fallah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab180","article-title":"Ebola Virus Disease in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"116","author":"Kayem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.06.002","article-title":"Ebolavirus Protein VP24 Interferes with Innate Immune Responses by Inhibiting Interferon-\u039b1 Gene Expression","volume":"509","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.67","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Ebola Virus Pathogenesis: Focus on Cell Death","volume":"22","author":"Falasca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13077","article-title":"Mechanisms of Immune Regulation by The Placenta: Role of Type I Interferon and Interferon Stimulated Genes Signaling During Pregnancy","volume":"308","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.306853","article-title":"Cross Talk Pathways Between Coagulation and Inflammation","volume":"118","author":"Foley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-09-526277","article-title":"Multiple Roles of the Coagulation Protease Cascade during Virus Infection","volume":"123","author":"Antoniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores-Pliego, A., Miranda, J., Vega-Torreblanca, S., Valdespino-V\u00e1zquez, Y., Helguera-Repetto, C., Espejel-Nu\u00f1ez, A., Borboa-Olivares, H., Espino y Sosa, S., Mateu-Rogell, P., and Le\u00f3n-Ju\u00e1rez, M. (2021). Molecular Insights into the Thrombotic and Microvascular Injury in Placental Endothelium of Women with Mild or Severe COVID-19. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020364"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.47162\/RJME.63.2.07","article-title":"Analysis of the Relationship between Placental Histopathological Aspects of Preterm and Term Birth","volume":"63","author":"Camen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01101.x","article-title":"Clinical Course and Duration of Viremia in Vertically Transmitted Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Babies Born to HEV-Infected Mothers","volume":"16","author":"Khuroo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.575482","article-title":"The Role of Cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in the Pathogenesis of Spontaneous Abortions","volume":"24","author":"Galazios","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.04913.x","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Fulminant Hepatic Failure during Pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Jilani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.05.003","article-title":"Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus Replicates in the Placenta, Causes Severe Histopathological Damage, and Vertically Transmits to Fetuses","volume":"87","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"e00178915","article-title":"Dengue infection during pregnancy and adverse maternal, fetal, and infant health outcomes in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil, 2007\u20132012","volume":"33","author":"Feitoza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, P., Nogueira, R., Coelho, J., Rodrigues, F., Salom\u00e3o, N., Jos\u00e9, C., de Carvalho, J., Rabelo, K., de Azeredo, E., and Bas\u00edlio-de-Oliveira, R. (2019). A Stillborn Multiple Organs\u2019 Investigation from a Maternal DENV-4 Infection: Histopathological and Inflammatory Mediators Characterization. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040319"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonceca, A.M., Chopra, A., Levy, A., Noakes, P.S., Poh, M.W.-P., Bear, N.L., Prescott, S., and Everard, M.L. (2017). Infective Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is Present in Human Cord Blood Samples and Most Prevalent during Winter Months. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173738"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.098","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Pregnant Women","volume":"37","author":"Hause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"54","article-title":"Ultrastructural pathology of the placenta in respiratory-syncytial viral infection and mycoplasmosis","volume":"55","author":"Shabynina","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arkhiv Patol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12609","article-title":"Human Bocavirus Is Detected in Human Placenta and Aborted Tissues","volume":"13","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1086\/514289","article-title":"Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever and Pregnancy","volume":"179","author":"Mupapa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw206","article-title":"Ebola Virus Disease in Pregnancy: Clinical, Histopathologic, and Immunohistochemical Findings","volume":"215","author":"Muehlenbachs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876555","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.876555","article-title":"Regulation of Proinflammatory Molecules and Tissue Factor by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Human Placental Cells: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis in Pregnant Women","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salom\u00e3o, N., Ara\u00fajo, L., Rabelo, K., Avvad-Portari, E., de Souza, L., Fernandes, R., Valle, N., Ferreira, L., Bas\u00edlio-de-Oliveira, C., and Bas\u00edlio-de-Oliveira, R. (2022). Placental Alterations in a Chikungunya-Virus-Infected Pregnant Woman: A Case Report. Microorganisms, 10, Available online: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/5\/872.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050872"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parcial, A.L.N., Salom\u00e3o, N.G., Portari, E.A., Arruda, L.V., de Carvalho, J.J., de Matos Guedes, H.L., Conde, T.C., Moreira, M.E., Batista, M.M., and Paes, M.V. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Is Persistent in Placenta and Causes Macroscopic, Histopathological, and Ultrastructural Changes. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091885"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.10312","article-title":"Very rare and life-threatening complications of bocavirus bronchiolitis: Pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothorax","volume":"50","author":"Balkaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol. Bul."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000533","article-title":"What Obstetrician-Gynecologists Should Know about Ebola: A Perspective from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"124","author":"Jamieson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27699","article-title":"Placenta as a Site of HEV Replication and Inflammatory Cytokines Modulating the Immunopathogenesis of HEV in Pregnant Women","volume":"94","author":"Ratho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.020","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Placental Histopathology in Women Delivering at Term","volume":"224","author":"Patberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-021-05236-x","article-title":"The Number of Syncytial Knots and VEGF Expression in Placental Villi in Parturient Woman with COVID-19 Depends on the Disease Severity","volume":"171","author":"Shchegolev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eloundou, S.N., Lee, J., Wu, D., Lei, J., Feller, M.C., Ozen, M., Zhu, Y., Hwang, M., Jia, B., and Xie, H. (2019). Placental Malperfusion in Response to Intrauterine Inflammation and Its Connection to Fetal Sequelae. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214951"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26965","article-title":"Fetal and Placental Infection with SARS-CoV-2 in Early Pregnancy","volume":"93","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17436-6","article-title":"Transplacental Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"11","author":"Vivanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Liao, T., Chen, S., Yan, J., and Lin, X. (2020). Maternal HBsAg Carriers and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis of 85,190 Pregnancies. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03257-4"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4947","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139569","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection of the Placenta","volume":"130","author":"Hosier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0755-4982(06)74874-6","article-title":"Early maternal-fetal transmission of the Chikungunya virus","volume":"35","author":"Touret","year":"2006","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"9673683","article-title":"Lassa Fever in Pregnancy: Report of 2 Cases Seen at the University College Hospital, Ibadan","volume":"2016","author":"Bello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/26.9.1031","article-title":"A Study of Fibrin Deposition in the Placenta. Its Clinical Significance","volume":"26","author":"Ashworth","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.29.Suppl_10.70","article-title":"Fibrin Deposition in Pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Stalker","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1987.tb00162.x","article-title":"Fibrinoid and Trophoblastic Necrosis with Massive Chronic Intervillositis: An Extreme Variant of Villitis of Unknown Etiology","volume":"15","author":"Labarrere","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(96)90019-3","article-title":"Apoptotic Changes Occur in Syncytiotrophoblast of Human Placental Villi Where Fibrin Type Fibrinoid Is Deposited at Discontinuities in the Villous Trophoblast","volume":"17","author":"Nelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7733","article-title":"Exploring the Relationship between Preterm Placental Calcification and Adverse Maternal and Fetal Outcome","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2001.0688","article-title":"Placental Calcification: A Metastatic Process?","volume":"22","author":"Poggi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"103","article-title":"Osteogenic Protein-1 Is Produced by Human Fetal Trophoblasts In Vivo and Regulates the Synthesis of Chorionic Gonadotropin and Progesterone by Trophoblasts In Vitro","volume":"34","author":"Martinovic","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(199810)51:2<123::AID-MRD1>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Insulin-like 4 (INSL4) Gene Expression in Human Embryonic and Trophoblastic Tissues","volume":"51","author":"Laurent","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13760","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.22.13760","article-title":"Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Member of the Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2\/Bone Morphogenetic Protein Family","volume":"273","author":"Paralkar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01044","article-title":"Placental Vascular Calcification and Cardiovascular Health: It Is Time to Determine How Much of Maternal and Offspring Health Is Written in Stone","volume":"9","author":"Wallingford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.06.013","article-title":"Correlation of Cell Necrosis and Tissue Calcification with Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury after Liver Transplantation","volume":"36","author":"Tzimas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transpl. Proc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proudfoot, D. (2019). Calcium Signaling and Tissue Calcification. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a035303"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.11.1055","article-title":"Apoptosis Regulates Human Vascular Calcification In Vitro","volume":"87","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1023709","article-title":"Placental Calcifications: A Clue for the Identification of High-Risk Fetuses in the Low-Risk Pregnant Population?","volume":"29","author":"Mastrolia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.06.015","article-title":"The Role of Preterm Placental Calcification on Assessing Risks of Stillbirth","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.10.005","article-title":"Chronic Intervillositis of the Placenta: A Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"Contro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Ferrer Montoya, R., Robles Iglesias, A., P\u00e9rez Dajaruch, M.d.l.A., Crespo Bello, E., and Gonz\u00e1lez V\u00e1zquez, G. (2014). Corioamnionitis cl\u00ednica e histol\u00f3gica: Revisi\u00f3n bibliogr\u00e1fica. MULTIMED, 18."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.31260\/RepertMedCir.v22.n4.2013.752","article-title":"Corioamnionitis","volume":"22","author":"Mendoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Repert. Med. Y Cirug\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"275","article-title":"Syncytial Knots and Intervillous Bridges in the Human Placenta: An Ultrastructural Study","volume":"124","author":"Jones","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1028-4559(09)60032-2","article-title":"Syncytial Knots, Sprouts, Apoptosis, and Trophoblast Deportation from the Human Placenta","volume":"48","author":"Burton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.03.016","article-title":"Syncytial Knots (Tenney-Parker Changes) in the Human Placenta: Evidence of Loss of Transcriptional Activity and Oxidative Damage","volume":"183","author":"Fogarty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396318666220705154424","article-title":"Maternal and Placental Risk Factors for Small Gestational Age and Fetal Malnutrition","volume":"19","author":"Natarajan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramphal, S., Govender, N., Singh, S., Khaliq, O., and Naicker, T. (2022). Histopathological Features in Advanced Abdominal Pregnancies Co-Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 Infections: A Case Evaluation. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. X, 15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurox.2022.100153"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2014.10.003","article-title":"Placental Hypoxia: The Lesions of Maternal Malperfusion","volume":"39","author":"Parks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200205000-00022","article-title":"Placental Abruption","volume":"57","author":"Hladky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2010.01030.x","article-title":"Placental Abruption: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Consequences","volume":"90","author":"Tikkanen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-164041","article-title":"Pathogenesis of the Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers","volume":"8","author":"Paessler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-011-2028-1","article-title":"Association of Placental Inflammation with Fetomaternal Hemorrhage and Loss of Placental Mucin-1","volume":"285","author":"Scholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obs."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2003.11.018","article-title":"Hepatitis E in Pregnancy","volume":"85","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05930-7","article-title":"Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Dengue Fever in Pregnancy: A Large Prospective and Descriptive Observational Study","volume":"304","author":"Brar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obs."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.01.002","article-title":"Dengue Infection in Pregnancy and Its Impact on the Placenta","volume":"55","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, F.C.P.d.A.D.M., da Silva, A.S.V., Recht, J., Guaraldo, L., Moreira, M.E.L., de Siqueira, A.M., Gerardin, P., and Brasil, P. (2021). Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249166"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Placenta in a Case of Pregnant Woman Infected by Chikungunya Virus","volume":"2","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol. Retrovirol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaw, L., Kamigaki, T., Burmaa, A., Urtnasan, C., Od, I., Nyamaa, G., Nymadawa, P., and Oshitani, H. (2016). Burden of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Pregnant Women and Infants Under 6 Months in Mongolia: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148421"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, H.Y., Katz, J., Tielsch, J., Khatry, S.K., Shrestha, L., LeClerq, S.C., Magaret, A., Kuypers, J., Steinhoff, M.C., and Englund, J.A. (2016). Clinical Presentation and Birth Outcomes Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152015"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bokun, V., Moore, J.J., Moore, R., Smallcombe, C.C., Harford, T.J., Rezaee, F., Esper, F., and Piedimonte, G. (2019). Respiratory Syncytial Virus Exhibits Differential Tropism for Distinct Human Placental Cell Types with Hofbauer Cells Acting as a Permissive Reservoir for Infection. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225767"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir525","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Human Bocaviruses 1\u20134","volume":"204","author":"Kantola","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00030-07","article-title":"Human Bocavirus: Passenger or Pathogen in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections?","volume":"21","author":"Schildgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3218","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02140-06","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Human Bocavirus in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan","volume":"45","author":"Endo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2008.0045","article-title":"Humoral Immune Response against Human Bocavirus VP2 Virus-like Particles","volume":"21","author":"Lindner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.11.028","article-title":"Absence of Human Bocavirus from Deceased Fetuses and Their Mothers","volume":"47","author":"Riipinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6197","article-title":"Ebola from Emergence to Epidemic: The Virus and the Disease, Global Preparedness and Perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Dhama","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Jones, R.M., Brosseau, L.M., and Nov, S. (2014). COMMENTARY: Ebola Virus Transmission via Contact and Aerosol\u2014A New Paradigm, CIDRAP. Available online: https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/ebola\/commentary-ebola-virus-transmission-contact-and-aerosol-new-paradigm."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.A. (2019). Emerging Challenges in Filovirus Infections, IntechOpen. Available online: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/68376."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180130121946","article-title":"Viral Infections in Pregnancy: A Focus on Ebola Virus","volume":"24","author":"Olgun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.10.002","article-title":"Common Pathways Targeted by Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses to Infect the Placenta and Increase the Risk of Stillbirth","volume":"141","author":"Coler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7426.1271","article-title":"Lassa Fever: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Social Consequences","volume":"327","author":"Richmond","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(80)90167-4","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever as a Possible Cause of Human Abortions","volume":"74","author":"Meegan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21132","article-title":"Case Report: Rift Valley Fever with Vertical Transmission in a Pregnant Sudanese Woman","volume":"80","author":"Adam","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e864","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30176-0","article-title":"Association of Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection with Miscarriage in Sudanese Women: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"4","author":"Baudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw412","article-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection During Pregnancy: A Report of 5 Cases from Saudi Arabia","volume":"63","author":"Assiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2203.151049","article-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus during Pregnancy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2013","volume":"22","author":"Malik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2017.32.10.1717","article-title":"MERS-CoV Infection in a Pregnant Woman in Korea","volume":"32","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.A., and Graham, A.L. (2020). Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020194"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F405","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.5.F405","article-title":"Infection Control for SARS in a Tertiary Neonatal Centre","volume":"88","author":"Ng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.03008.x","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Pregnancy","volume":"110","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020600696280","article-title":"The Placentas of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: A Pathophysiological Evaluation","volume":"38","author":"Ng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4592450","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4592450","article-title":"Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review","volume":"2020","author":"Chamseddine","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.5906","article-title":"Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy with Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes","volume":"327","author":"McClymont","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timircan, M., Bratosin, F., Vidican, I., Suciu, O., Tirnea, L., Avram, V., and Marincu, I. (2021). Exploring Pregnancy Outcomes Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57080796"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/1093526620925569","article-title":"Placental Pathology in COVID-19 Positive Mothers: Preliminary Findings","volume":"23","author":"Baergen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"e12522","article-title":"Placental Pathology in COVID-19: Case Series in a Community Hospital Setting","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-3753","article-title":"Placental Calcifications after Coronavirus Disease 2019 in First Trimester of Pregnancy: Ultrasound and Pathology Findings","volume":"25","author":"Kouba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1138","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Replication and Interferon Responses in Human Placental Cells","volume":"2","author":"Knegendorf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16584","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 3 Is an Endogenous Sensor of Cell Death and a Potential Target for Induction of Long-Term Cardiac Transplant Survival","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15918","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.178798","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Induces Apoptosis via Death Receptors and Mitochondria by Up-Regulating the Transactivating P63 Isoform \u03b1 (TAP63\u03b1)","volume":"286","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105512","article-title":"Clinical and Experimental Evidence for Transplacental Vertical Transmission of Flaviviruses","volume":"210","author":"Watanabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, S., Chan, K.W.K., Tan, N.W.W., Mahid, M.B.A., Chowdhury, A., Chang, K.T.E., and Vasudevan, S.G. (2022). Experimental Evidence for a High Rate of Maternal-Fetal Transmission of Dengue Virus in the Presence of Antibodies in Immunocompromised Mice. EBioMedicine, 77.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103930"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0129","article-title":"Dengue Virus Control of Type I IFN Responses: A History of Manipulation and Control","volume":"35","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/v4030397","article-title":"Innate Immunity Evasion by Dengue Virus","volume":"4","author":"Morrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01081-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01081-16","article-title":"Collateral Damage during Dengue Virus Infection: Making Sense of DNA by cGAS","volume":"91","author":"Aguirre","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00630-23","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00630-23","article-title":"Comparative Infections of Zika, Dengue, and Yellow Fever Viruses in Human Cytotrophoblast-Derived Cells Suggest a Gating Role for the Cytotrophoblast in Zika Virus Placental Invasion","volume":"11","author":"Viettri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002234","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus\u2013Associated Encephalitis","volume":"86","author":"Couderc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3180616d4f","article-title":"Mother-to-Child Transmission of Chikungunya Virus Infection","volume":"26","author":"Ramful","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salom\u00e3o, N., Brendolin, M., Rabelo, K., Wakimoto, M., de Filippis, A.M., Dos Santos, F., Moreira, M.E., Bas\u00edlio-de-Oliveira, C.A., Avvad-Portari, E., and Paes, M. (2021). Spontaneous Abortion and Chikungunya Infection: Pathological Findings. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040554"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000223483.12225.80","article-title":"MCP-1 Induces a Novel Transcription Factor with Proapoptotic Activity","volume":"98","author":"Bidzhekov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-019-01646-2","article-title":"The BeWo Cell Line Derived from a Human Placental Choriocarcinoma Is Permissive for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"55","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7359","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7359","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection of Human Lung Endothelial Cells Enhances Selectively Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression","volume":"174","author":"Arnold","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10348","article-title":"Ebola Virus Entry Requires the Cholesterol Transporter Niemann-Pick C1","volume":"477","author":"Carette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Chen, L., Zhang, J., Xiong, C., and Li, X. (2020). The SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Expression of Maternal-Fetal Interface and Fetal Organs by Single-Cell Transcriptome Study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.27.967760"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00827-5","article-title":"Diffuse Trophoblast Damage Is the Hallmark of SARS-CoV-2-Associated Fetal Demise","volume":"34","author":"Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00981-5","article-title":"Modulation of Innate Immune Response to Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2 by Progesterone","volume":"7","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sig Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","article-title":"Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19","volume":"181","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090781","article-title":"Regulation of Interleukin-6 Expression in Human Decidual Cells and Its Potential Role in Chorioamnionitis","volume":"177","author":"Lockwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4589","article-title":"Mechanisms of Chorioamnionitis-Associated Preterm Birth: Interleukin-1\u03b2 Inhibits Progesterone Receptor Expression in Decidual Cells","volume":"237","author":"Kayisli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.12.012","article-title":"Review: Placental Mitochondrial Function and Structure in Gestational Disorders","volume":"54","author":"Holland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.06.368","article-title":"The Effect of Pre-Existing Maternal Obesity and Diabetes on Placental Mitochondrial Content and Electron Transport Chain Activity","volume":"35","author":"Hastie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.01.002","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: A Concept in Redox Biology and Medicine","volume":"4","author":"Sies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.09.010","article-title":"Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance of Mammalian Cells under Oxidative Stress","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mand\u00f2, C., Savasi, V.M., Anelli, G.M., Corti, S., Serati, A., Lisso, F., Tasca, C., Novielli, C., and Cetin, I. (2021). Mitochondrial and Oxidative Unbalance in Placentas from Mothers with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101517"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13898","article-title":"ADAMTS-13 and von Willebrand Factor: A Dynamic Duo","volume":"16","author":"South","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.10.2093","article-title":"Role of Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin in Vascular Morphogenesis","volume":"126","author":"Prandini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cws162","article-title":"Polysialic Acid Enhances the Migration and Invasion of Human Cytotrophoblasts","volume":"23","author":"Hromatka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.05.002","article-title":"Differences of Glycocalyx Composition in the Structural Elements of Placenta in Preeclampsia","volume":"43","author":"Sukhikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2023.102074","article-title":"Sialylation Status in Placentas from Pregnancies with SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"82","author":"Perna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154795","article-title":"Exosomal Th1\/Th2 Cytokines in Preeclampsia and HIV-Positive Preeclamptic Women on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy","volume":"125","author":"Pillay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2017.08.003","article-title":"Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Markers HMGB1 and Cell-Free Fetal Telomere Fragments in Oxidative-Stressed Amnion Epithelial Cell-Derived Exosomes","volume":"123","author":"Saade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196453","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1196453","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles-Mediated Recombinant IL-10 Protects against Ascending Infection-Associated Preterm Birth by Reducing Fetal Inflammatory Response","volume":"14","author":"Kammala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gax068","article-title":"Inhibiting Trophoblast PAR-1 Overexpression Suppresses sFlt-1-Induced Anti-Angiogenesis and Abnormal Vascular Remodeling: A Possible Therapeutic Approach for Preeclampsia","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02148","article-title":"Control of Immunoregulatory Molecules by miRNAs in T Cell Activation","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2017.02.003","article-title":"MicroRNA Profiling Analysis Revealed Different Cellular Senescence Mechanisms in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Different Origin","volume":"109","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7221","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2040873","article-title":"LncRNA Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 5 Inhibits Trophoblast Autophagy in Preeclampsia by Targeting microRNA-31-5p and Promoting the Transcription of Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.12.050","article-title":"Modifying the Protease, Antiprotease Pattern by Elafin Overexpression Protects Mice from Colitis","volume":"140","author":"Motta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5099","article-title":"Targeted Overexpression of Elafin Protects Mice against Cardiac Dysfunction and Mortality Following Viral Myocarditis","volume":"103","author":"Zaidi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7526","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02243-12","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Trappin-2 and Elafin in Vitro and in Vivo against Genital Herpes","volume":"87","author":"Drannik","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050768","article-title":"Secretory Leucoprotease Inhibitor Binds to NF-kappaB Binding Sites in Monocytes and Inhibits P65 Binding","volume":"202","author":"Taggart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drannik, A.G., Nag, K., Yao, X.-D., Henrick, B.M., Sallenave, J.-M., and Rosenthal, K.L. (2012). Trappin-2\/Elafin Modulate Innate Immune Responses of Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells to PolyI:C. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035866"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34730","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M604844200","article-title":"Elafin Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced AP-1 and NF-kappaB Activation via an Effect on the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway","volume":"281","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/12\/3\/59\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:16:24Z","timestamp":1760105784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/12\/3\/59"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diseases12030059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases12030059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]}}}