{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:23:24Z","timestamp":1791451404449,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Plastic surgery is one of the medical specialties with the highest risk of recurrent medical malpractice claims. The frequency of civil lawsuits represents an issue for the micro- and macro-economy of practitioners of these health treatments. This paper aims to discuss the medico-legal aspects and claim path in a case of a cosmetic blepharoplasty complicated by lagophthalmos wrongly related to the procedure but due to missed hyperthyroidism. Case Description and Literature Review: A 48-year-old woman who underwent cosmetic blepharoplasty with undiagnosed hyperthyroidism claimed that the lagophthalmos that occurred some months after the procedure was due to medical malpractice, due to an over-resection of the exuberant lower eyelid tissue. The review question was, \u201cAre thyroid disfunctions usually considered contraindications to be communicated to patients who undergo blepharoplasty?\u201d, and the databases MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Ovid, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were used. Results and Discussion: There were 21 eligible papers. The case highlights the importance and complexity of causal inference (such as unknown thyroid dysfunctions), related informed consent involving information on possible complications unrelated to malpractice, and guidelines recommending endocrinological consultation for cosmetic\/functional blepharoplasty in patients at risk (e.g., female patients with a known history of thyroid disease).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12040075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1712746528000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Negative Outcomes of Blepharoplasty and Thyroid Disorders: Is Compensation Always Due? A Case Report with a Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Defraia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medical Sciences, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Personal Identification and Forensic Morphology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Focardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medical Sciences, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Personal Identification and Forensic Morphology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2420-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medical Sciences, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Personal Identification and Forensic Morphology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Chiavacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medical Sciences, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Faccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medical Sciences, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianmaria Federico","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor in Medicine Specialized in Plastic Reconstruction and Aesthetic Surgery, Via Francesco Baracca, 1f, 50127 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5407-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilenia","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medical Sciences, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Personal Identification and Forensic Morphology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6124-3298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vilma","family":"Pinchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medical Sciences, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Personal Identification and Forensic Morphology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Innocenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Reconstructive Microsurgery, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) (2023, February 08). 2022 Plastic Surgery Statistics. 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