{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:49:14Z","timestamp":1791463754760,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Scientific Foundation","award":["20-15-00337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-15-00337"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, and inflammatory autoimmune condition characterized by synovitis, pannus formation (with adjacent bone erosion), and joint destruction. In the perpetuation of RA, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), macrophages, B cells, and CD4+ T-cells\u2014specifically Th1 and Th17 cells\u2014play crucial roles. Additionally, dendritic cells, neutrophils, mast cells, and monocytes contribute to the disease progression. Monocytes, circulating cells primarily derived from the bone marrow, participate in RA pathogenesis. Notably, CCR2 interacts with CCL2, and CX3CR1 (expressed by monocytes) cooperates with CX3CL1 (produced by FLSs), facilitating the migration involved in RA. Canonical \u201cclassical\u201d monocytes predominantly acquire the phenotype of an \u201cintermediate\u201d subset, which differentially expresses proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF) and surface markers (CD14, CD16, HLA-DR, TLRs, and \u03b21- and \u03b22-integrins). However, classical monocytes have greater potential to differentiate into osteoclasts, which contribute to bone resorption in the inflammatory milieu; in RA, Th17 cells stimulate FLSs to produce RANKL, triggering osteoclastogenesis. This review aims to explore the monocyte heterogeneity, plasticity, antigenic expression, and their differentiation into macrophages and osteoclasts. Additionally, we investigate the monocyte migration into the synovium and the role of their cytokines in RA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12050081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T10:56:32Z","timestamp":1714128992000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Target Role of Monocytes as Key Cells of Innate Immunity in Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0809-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana I.","family":"Salnikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Oncoproteomics, Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Highway, 115522 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2082-2429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita G.","family":"Nikiforov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34\/5 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton Y.","family":"Postnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6495-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Orekhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12982","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12982","article-title":"The roles of small-molecule inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"93","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. 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