{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T18:11:44Z","timestamp":1776363104773,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B.SUB.24.445."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.445."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Anxiety disorders significantly reduce patients\u2019 quality of life. Current pharmacological treatments, primarily benzodiazepines and antidepressants, are associated with numerous side effects. Consequently, there is a continual search for alternative methods to traditional therapies that are less burdensome for patients and broaden their therapeutic options. Our objective was to determine the role of selected alternative methods in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Methods: In this review, we examined recent evidence on alternative treatments for anxiety disorders, including physical activity, mindfulness, virtual reality (VR) technology, biofeedback, herbal remedies, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), cryotherapy, hyperbaric therapy, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. For this purpose we reviewed PubMed and after initial search, we excluded works unrelated to our aim, non-orginal data and animal studies. We conducted second search to cover all minor methods. Results: We included 116 studies, which data is presented in Tables. We have investigated which methods can support treatment and which can be used as a stand-alone treatment. We assessed the risks to benefits of using alternative treatments. Conclusion: Alternative treatments significantly expand the options available to patients and clinicians, with many serving as adjuncts to traditional therapies. Among the methods presented, mindfulness has the most significant therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12090216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T07:36:00Z","timestamp":1726472160000},"page":"216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Beyond Pharmacology: A Narrative Review of Alternative Therapies for Anxiety Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Antos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wo\u0142odyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Zackiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wo\u0142odyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Tomaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wo\u0142odyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2448-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Modzelewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wo\u0142odyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7021-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Napoleon","family":"Waszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wo\u0142odyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2017). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 390, 1211\u20131259."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018","article-title":"The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010","volume":"21","author":"Wittchen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.108.s417.2.x","article-title":"The impairments caused by social phobia in the general population: Implications for intervention","volume":"108","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20257","article-title":"Human and economic burden of generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"25","author":"Hoffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.08.012","article-title":"Benzodiazepines and Related Sedatives","volume":"106","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20m02747","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.20m02747","article-title":"Side Effect Profiles of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Naturalistic Setting","volume":"23","author":"Anagha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2284w","article-title":"Maternal Uncontrolled Anxiety Disorders Are Associated With the Increased Risk of Hypertensive Disorders in Japanese Pregnant Women","volume":"7","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2017.01.007","article-title":"A Novel Integrated Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Medication Adherence Among Persons Living With HIV\/AIDS","volume":"25","author":"Brandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-019-00667-8","article-title":"Recommendations for the Reporting of Harms in Manuscripts on Clinical Trials Assessing Osteoarthritis Drugs: A Consensus Statement from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO)","volume":"36","author":"Honvo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214001847","article-title":"The natural course of anxiety disorders in the elderly: A systematic review of longitudinal trials","volume":"27","author":"Sami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-015-0360-y","article-title":"Phytopharmaceutical treatment of anxiety, depression, and dementia in the elderly: Evidence from randomized, controlled clinical trials","volume":"165","author":"Kasper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009327","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009327","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy and behavioural stress management for severe health anxiety","volume":"6","author":"Hedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.22.3.122","article-title":"The prevalence of treated and untreated mental disorders in five countries","volume":"22","author":"Bijl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy","volume":"380","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2010.489620","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of aerobic exercise in combination with paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder","volume":"11","author":"Wedekind","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.063","article-title":"Examining a training effect on the state anxiety response to an acute bout of exercise in low and high anxious individuals","volume":"247","author":"Lucibello","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100421","article-title":"The role of yoga in inflammatory markers","volume":"20","author":"Estevao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2010.0007","article-title":"Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: A randomized controlled MRS study","volume":"16","author":"Streeter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2009.01.003","article-title":"Effects of yoga on depression and anxiety of women","volume":"15","author":"Javnbakht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.03.028","article-title":"A pragmatic preference trial of therapeutic yoga as an adjunct to group cognitive behaviour therapy versus group CBT alone for depression and anxiety","volume":"307","author":"Capon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534735418822096","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735418822096","article-title":"Long-Term Changes of Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Fatigue in Cancer Patients 6 Months After the End of Yoga Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Lundt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00103-7","article-title":"Effects of aerobic exercise on anxiety sensitivity","volume":"42","author":"Berman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2015.1020448","article-title":"Effects of a Single Bout of Aerobic Exercise Versus Resistance Training on Cognitive Vulnerabilities for Anxiety Disorders","volume":"44","author":"Kelso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"59","article-title":"Delayed Anxiolytic Effect Associated with an Acute Bout of Aerobic Exercise","volume":"3","author":"Cox","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Physiol. Online"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800416672581","article-title":"The Effects of an Exercise Program on Anxiety Levels and Metabolic Functions in Patients With Anxiety Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.020","article-title":"Resistance exercise training among young adults with analogue generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"281","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102311","article-title":"Working out the worries: A randomized controlled trial of high intensity interval training in generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"76","author":"Plag","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000327898","article-title":"Feasibility of exercise training for the short-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"81","author":"Herring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115322","article-title":"Effects of resistance exercise training on depressive symptoms among young adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"326","author":"Gordon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.935493","article-title":"A dynamic view of comorbid depression and generalized anxiety disorder symptom change in chronic heart failure: The discrete effects of cognitive behavioral therapy, exercise, and psychotropic medication","volume":"37","author":"Tully","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2011.07.002","article-title":"Effects of short-term exercise training on signs and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"4","author":"Herring","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2015.09.002","article-title":"Effects of Exercise on Sleep Among Young Women With Generalized Anxiety Disorder","volume":"9","author":"Herring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.07.008","article-title":"Impact of preference for yoga or cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with generalized anxiety disorder on treatment outcomes and engagement","volume":"153","author":"Szuhany","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.2496","article-title":"Efficacy of Yoga vs. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Stress Education for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"78","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.06.011","article-title":"Anti-anxiety efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga in general anxiety disorder: A multicomponent, yoga based, breath intervention program for patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder with or without comorbidities","volume":"184","author":"Doria","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21863","article-title":"A randomized trial of MBSR versus aerobic exercise for social anxiety disorder","volume":"68","author":"Jazaieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss054","article-title":"MBSR vs. aerobic exercise in social anxiety: fMRI of emotion regulation of negative self-beliefs","volume":"8","author":"Goldin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12060","article-title":"Pre-treatment social anxiety severity moderates the impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction and aerobic exercise","volume":"89","author":"Jazaieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2022.100622","article-title":"Yoga practices in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAnD): A case report WSR to paruresis","volume":"13","author":"Javed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollbehr, N.K., Bartels-Velthuis, A.A., Nauta, M.H., Castelein, S., Steenhuis, L.A., Hoenders, H.J.R., and Ostafin, B.D. (2018). Hatha yoga for acute, chronic and\/or treatment-resistant mood and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204925"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22464","article-title":"Feasibility of Resistance Exercise for Posttraumatic Stress and Anxiety Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"32","author":"Whitworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2014.916745","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise Reduces Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"44","author":"Fetzner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12371","article-title":"Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"131","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03356-0","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the influence of yoga for women with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"20","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-8947.1000108","article-title":"Multi-Component Yoga Breath Program for Vietnam Veteran Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"2","author":"Carter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress Disord. Treat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856217695870","article-title":"Assessment of yoga as an adjuvant treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"25","author":"McCarthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e559","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08561","article-title":"Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"75","author":"Stone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000564","article-title":"Symptoms improve after a yoga program designed for PTSD in a randomized controlled trial with veterans and civilians","volume":"12","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2014.0389","article-title":"Impact of a Yoga Intervention on Physical Activity, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation in Women with PTSD Symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huberty, J., Sullivan, M., Green, J., Kurka, J., Leiferman, J., Gold, K., and Cacciatore, J. (2020). Online yoga to reduce post traumatic stress in women who have experienced stillbirth: A randomized control feasibility trial. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-02926-3"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004","article-title":"The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects","volume":"43","author":"Graetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22337","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training facilitates the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in panic disorder","volume":"32","author":"Gaudlitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.5.603","article-title":"Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder","volume":"155","author":"Broocks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102230","article-title":"The effects of acute yoga on anxiety symptoms in response to a carbon dioxide inhalation task in women","volume":"47","author":"Ensari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vorkapic, C.F., and Rang\u00e9, B. (2014). Reducing the symptomatology of panic disorder: The effects of a yoga program alone and in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Front. Psychiatry, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00177"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"e53286","article-title":"Effect of Integrated Yoga as an Adjuvant to Standard Care for Panic Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial Study","volume":"16","author":"Yadla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.01.002","article-title":"Psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2021.148","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"221","author":"Papola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000104","article-title":"Treatment Refusal and Premature Termination in Psychotherapy, Pharmacotherapy, and Their Combination: A Meta-Analysis of Head-to-Head Comparisons","volume":"54","author":"Swift","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030040-00003","article-title":"Therapeutic impact of exercise on psychiatric diseases: Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription","volume":"30","author":"Meyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"3867","article-title":"Application of virtual reality technology in clinical medicine","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.46.3.296","article-title":"The application of virtual reality technology in rehabilitation","volume":"46","author":"Schultheis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000138","article-title":"The Use of Virtual Reality Technology in the Treatment of Anxiety and Other Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"25","author":"Bunnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17233","DOI":"10.2196\/17233","article-title":"Virtual Reality Relaxation for Patients With a Psychiatric Disorder: Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"23","author":"Veling","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2013.0383","article-title":"Effect of virtual reality PTSD treatment on mood and neurocognitive outcomes","volume":"17","author":"McLay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.08.005","article-title":"Trauma management therapy with virtual-reality augmented exposure therapy for combat-related PTSD: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Beidel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000567","article-title":"Changes in physiological reactivity in response to the trauma memory during prolonged exposure and virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"12","author":"Katz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033559","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"81","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20090","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for public-speaking anxiety using virtual reality for exposure","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003098","article-title":"Neural effects of a short-term virtual reality self-training program to reduce social anxiety","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2999","article-title":"Bidirectional modulation of fear extinction by mediodorsal thalamic firing in mice","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2022.2053882","article-title":"Attention guidance augmentation of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Rubin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103984","article-title":"Pilot randomized trial of self-guided virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder","volume":"147","author":"Zainal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.184234","article-title":"Virtual reality compared with","volume":"210","author":"Bouchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.12.016","article-title":"Exposure to virtual social interactions in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Kampmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T.C., Sit, C.H., Tang, T.W., and Tsai, C.L. (2020). Psychological and Physiological Responses in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The Use of Acute Exercise and Virtual Reality Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134855"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"39","article-title":"Virtual reality in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders","volume":"154","author":"Gorini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"133","article-title":"The combined use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of agoraphobia","volume":"43","author":"Pitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Actas Esp. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412453626","article-title":"A controlled study of agoraphobia and the independent effect of virtual reality exposure therapy","volume":"47","author":"Malbos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1089\/109493103769710488","article-title":"Preliminary research on the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy to treat driving phobia","volume":"6","author":"Wald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.03.003","article-title":"Do conversations with virtual avatars increase feelings of social anxiety?","volume":"27","author":"Powers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17080847","article-title":"Association Between Insight and Outcome of Psychotherapy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"175","author":"Jennissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(82)90026-3","article-title":"An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results","volume":"4","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.4.615","article-title":"Prevention of relapse\/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy","volume":"68","author":"Teasdale","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"NICE Guideline (2024, May 30). Depression in Adults: Treatment and Management, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK583074\/."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33381","article-title":"The efficacy and mechanisms of a guided self-help intervention based on mindfulness in patients with breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"127","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000716","article-title":"Candidate mechanisms of action of mindfulness-based trauma recovery for refugees (MBTR-R): Self-compassion and self-criticism","volume":"90","author":"Amir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2020.1833796","article-title":"The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Suicide Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Schmelefske","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Suicide Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12980","article-title":"Research Review: The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on cognition and mental health in children and adolescents\u2014A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"60","author":"Dunning","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2022.102599","article-title":"Mindfulness-based cognitive group therapy for treatment-refractory anxiety disorder: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Spinhoven","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sado, M., Park, S., Ninomiya, A., Sato, Y., Fujisawa, D., Shirahase, J., and Mimura, M. (2018). Feasibility study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders in a Japanese setting. BMC Res. Notes, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3744-4"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7596","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-1212","article-title":"Mindfulness-based therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy for people with anxiety symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of random controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haller, H., Breilmann, P., Schr\u00f6ter, M., Dobos, G., and Cramer, H. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions for DSM-5 anxiety disorders. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99882-w"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.04.011","article-title":"Randomized trial of a meditation-based stress reduction program and cognitive behavior therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"45","author":"Koszycki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000092","article-title":"Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"84","author":"Goldin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018441","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder","volume":"10","author":"Goldin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.05.012","article-title":"The impact of cognitive restructuring and mindfulness strategies on postevent processing and affect in social anxiety disorder","volume":"28","author":"Shikatani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2015.0108","article-title":"Preliminary Investigation of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Social Anxiety Disorder That Integrates Compassion Meditation and Mindful Exposure","volume":"22","author":"Koszycki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2502","article-title":"Randomized trial of cognitive behaviour group therapy and a mindfulness-based intervention for social anxiety disorder: Preliminary findings","volume":"28","author":"Koszycki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.006","article-title":"The effect of mindfulness meditation training on biological acute stress responses in generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"262","author":"Hoge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, S.S., Liu, X.H., Han, N., Zhang, H.J., Xie, W.X., Xie, Z.J., Lu, X.Y., Zhou, X.Z., Zhao, Y.Q., and Duan, A.D. (2022). Effects of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and group cognitive behavioural therapy on symptomatic generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled noninferiority trial. BMC Psychiatry, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04127-3"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.01.011","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness meditation on occupational functioning and health care utilization in individuals with anxiety","volume":"95","author":"Hoge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.166124","article-title":"Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. group psychoeducation for people with generalised anxiety disorder: Randomised controlled trial","volume":"209","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.03.019","article-title":"Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy program as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in patients with panic disorder","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113935","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"300","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.029","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A focus on network mechanisms and state dependence","volume":"19","author":"Cocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01524-8","article-title":"Efficacy of neurostimulation across mental disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 208 randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Hyde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3127","article-title":"Multimodal Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Circuit-Based Psychiatry","volume":"73","author":"Camprodon","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01284","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1284","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in anxiety and trauma-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Cirillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005","article-title":"Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS)","volume":"58","author":"Klomjai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00359.1995","article-title":"Impairments on nonspatial self-ordered and externally ordered working memory tasks after lesions of the mid-dorsal part of the lateral frontal cortex in the monkey","volume":"15","author":"Petrides","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Lehner, T., Miller, B.L., and State, M.W. (2016). Chapter 22\u2014Emotional Dysfunction in Psychopathology and Neuropathology: Neural and Genetic Pathways. Genomics, Circuits, and Pathways in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.03.006","article-title":"Acute psychological stress reduces working memory-related activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"66","author":"Qin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0583-5","article-title":"Mechanistic link between right prefrontal cortical activity and anxious arousal revealed using transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy subjects","volume":"45","author":"Balderston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, B.C., Vakhtin, A., Clark, V.P., Abbott, C.C., and Quinn, D.K. (2022). Revisiting Hemispheric Asymmetry in Mood Regulation: Implications for rTMS for Major Depressive Disorder. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12010112"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.03.032","article-title":"Left DLPFC rTMS stimulation reduced the anxiety bias effect or how to restore the positive memory processing in high-anxiety subjects","volume":"209","author":"Balconi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.168203","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for generalised anxiety disorder: A pilot randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial","volume":"209","author":"Diefenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.06.041","article-title":"A systematic review of fMRI studies in generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluating its neural and cognitive basis","volume":"167","author":"Mochcovitch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01015","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1015","article-title":"Neural functional architecture and modulation during decision making under uncertainty in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"8","author":"Assaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0708","article-title":"A preliminary study of fMRI-guided rTMS in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"69","author":"Bystritsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.07.002","article-title":"Improvements in emotion regulation following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"43","author":"Diefenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.05.016","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right parietal cortex for comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and insomnia: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E153","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.210201","article-title":"Frontoparietal paired associative stimulation versus single-site stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder: A pilot rTMS study","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.05.018","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized, double-blind sham controlled clinical trial","volume":"78","author":"Dilkov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"d\u2019Andrea, G., Mancusi, G., Santovito, M.C., Marrangone, C., Martino, F., Santorelli, M., Miuli, A., Di Carlo, F., Signorelli, M.S., and Clerici, M. (2023). Investigating the Role of Maintenance TMS Protocols for Major Depression: Systematic Review and Future Perspectives for Personalized Interventions. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13040697"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901309010180","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to Treat Social Anxiety Disorder: Case Reports and a Review of the Literature","volume":"9","author":"Paes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minervini, A., LaVarco, A., Zorns, S., Propper, R., Suriano, C., and Keenan, J.P. (2023). Excitatory Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Increases Social Anxiety. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13070989"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomita, N., Katayama, H., Kurihara, Y., Takahashi, T., Shibata, S., Mima, T., Osu, R., and Kumano, H. (2024). Tackling social anxiety with targeted brain stimulation: Investigating the effects of transcranial static magnetic field stimulation on self-focused attention. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2024.1373564"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leuchter, M.K., Rosenberg, B.M., Schapira, G., Wong, N.R., Leuchter, A.F., McGlade, A.L., Krantz, D.E., Ginder, N.D., Lee, J.C., and Wilke, S.A. (2022). Treatment of Spider Phobia Using Repeated Exposures and Adjunctive Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.823158"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.3.515","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"161","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04638blu","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation with high-frequency and low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"71","author":"Boggio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.02.002","article-title":"A sham controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"5","author":"Watts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.07.008","article-title":"Effectiveness of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with a brief exposure procedure in post-traumatic stress disorder\u2014A pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Isserles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00016-X","article-title":"Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary study","volume":"44","author":"Grisaru","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0852-4","article-title":"Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Narrative Review","volume":"55","author":"Salehpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-5-46","article-title":"Psychological benefits 2 and 4 weeks after a single treatment with near infrared light to the forehead: A pilot study of 10 patients with major depression and anxiety","volume":"5","author":"Schiffer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2019.4677","article-title":"Transcranial Photobiomodulation with Near-Infrared Light for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study","volume":"37","author":"Maiello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photobiomodulation photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2023.110682","article-title":"820-nm Transcranial near-infrared stimulation on the left DLPFC relieved anxiety: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"200","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"609","article-title":"The Relationship Between Depression Symptoms and Anxiety Symptoms During Acute ECT for Patients With Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yct.0000264369.38033.34","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy for comorbid major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"23","author":"Watts","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115353","article-title":"Traumatic memory retrieval followed by electroconvulsive therapy as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study","volume":"326","author":"Araujo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1179114","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Efficacy, mechanisms and a hypothesis for new directions","volume":"16","author":"Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.03.015","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy with a memory reactivation intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000701","article-title":"Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms With Low Amplitude Seizure Therapy (LAP-ST) Compared With Standard Right Unilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Pilot Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"36","author":"Youssef","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"62","article-title":"The role of ECT in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Youssef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.05.080","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A systematic review and meta-analysis of five studies","volume":"164","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"Friedman, H.S. (2016). Biofeedback and Neurofeedback. Encyclopedia of Mental Health, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721004396","article-title":"Efficacy of bio- and neurofeedback for depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Grassi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02024","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2024","article-title":"Neurofeedback training improves anxiety trait and depressive symptom in GAD","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx116","article-title":"Restless \u2018rest\u2019: Intrinsic sensory hyperactivity and disinhibition in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"140","author":"Clancy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.126446","article-title":"Green fa\u00e7ades: Their contribution to stress recovery and well-being in high-density cities","volume":"46","author":"Elsadek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02157-9","article-title":"Pathological fear, anxiety and negative affect exhibit distinct neurostructural signatures: Evidence from psychiatric neuroimaging meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200307010-00006","article-title":"Ecological validity of neurofeedback: Modulation of slow wave EEG enhances musical performance","volume":"14","author":"Egner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-005-2175-x","article-title":"Biofeedback and dance performance: A preliminary investigation","volume":"30","author":"Raymond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.4.602","article-title":"Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety","volume":"109","author":"Mathews","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-005-1646-y","article-title":"Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder","volume":"29","author":"Mogg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effects of Increase in Amplitude of Occipital Alpha & Theta Brain Waves on Global Functioning Level of Patients with GAD","volume":"6","author":"Dadashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01848110","article-title":"Biofeedback treatments of generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary results","volume":"18","author":"Rice","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biofeedback Self Regul."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9705-0_16","article-title":"Biofeedback and Neurofeedback for Anxiety Disorders: A Quantitative and Qualitative Systematic Review","volume":"1191","author":"Tolin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-017-0843-8","article-title":"Preventing Childhood Anxiety Disorders: Is an Applied Game as Effective as a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Program?","volume":"19","author":"Schoneveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.24","article-title":"Orbitofrontal cortex neurofeedback produces lasting changes in contamination anxiety and resting-state connectivity","volume":"3","author":"Scheinost","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Chen, S., Lin, G., Sun, P., and Wang, T. (2013). EEG biofeedback improves attentional bias in high trait anxiety individuals. BMC Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-115"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"42","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as Adjunctive Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Case Report","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr Med"},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"90","article-title":"Biofeedback Approach in The Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder","volume":"2","author":"Maman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Iran. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-007-9046-6","article-title":"Integrating a portable biofeedback device into clinical practice for patients with anxiety disorders: Results of a pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Reiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070310014682","article-title":"Public and private heart rate feedback in social phobia: A manipulation of anxiety visibility","volume":"33","author":"Gerlach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.05.004","article-title":"The enhancement of beneficial effects following audio feedback by cognitive preparation in the treatment of social anxiety: A single-session experiment","volume":"42","author":"Nilsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2015.1126633","article-title":"Audio Feedback with Reduced Self-focus as an Intervention for Social Anxiety: An Experimental Study","volume":"45","author":"Nilsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.07.006","article-title":"Alpha oscillation neurofeedback modulates amygdala complex connectivity and arousal in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"12","author":"Nicholson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-015-9268-y","article-title":"Breathing biofeedback as an adjunct to exposure in cognitive behavioral therapy hastens the reduction of PTSD symptoms: A pilot study","volume":"40","author":"Witteveen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2010.08.004","article-title":"Efficacy of biofeedback for post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"18","author":"Lande","year":"2010","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/13-098","article-title":"The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in medicine: Addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse life experiences","volume":"18","author":"Shapiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128048","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2022.2128048","article-title":"Intensive outpatient treatment for PTSD: An open trial combining prolonged exposure therapy, EMDR, and physical activity","volume":"13","author":"Auren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klaeth, J.R., Jensen, A.G., Auren, T.J.B., and Solem, S. (2024). 12-month follow-up of intensive outpatient treatment for PTSD combining prolonged exposure therapy, EMDR and physical activity. BMC Psychiatry, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05656-9"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudays, A., Gallagher, R., Hazazi, A., Arishi, A., and Bahari, G. (2022). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing versus Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416836"},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). Guidelines for the Management of Conditions Specifically Related to Stress, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/85119\/9789241505406_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2022.309","article-title":"Efficacy of EMDR in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"35","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2019.1703801","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for mental health problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723003446","article-title":"EMDR","volume":"54","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.04.019","article-title":"Efficacy of EMDR for early intervention after a traumatic event: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Gelabert","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20140061","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus and trigeminal nerve stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Shiozawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13845","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013845","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in treating major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.048","article-title":"Respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation (RAVANS) modulates brain response to stress in major depression","volume":"142","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90078-2","article-title":"Vagal innervation techniques in the treatment of panic disorder","volume":"26","author":"Sartory","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.05.007","article-title":"The effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on conditioned fear extinction in humans","volume":"132","author":"Burger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.12.009","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation does not affect attention to fearful faces in high worriers","volume":"113","author":"Verkuil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.01.014","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces spontaneous but not induced negative thought intrusions in high worriers","volume":"142","author":"Burger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.35","article-title":"Altered Insula Connectivity under MDMA","volume":"42","author":"Walpola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.03.011","article-title":"MDMA-assisted therapy: A new treatment model for social anxiety in autistic adults","volume":"64","author":"Danforth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05249-5","article-title":"MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: Study design and rationale for phase 3 trials based on pooled analysis of six phase 2 randomized controlled trials","volume":"236","author":"Mithoefer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5010-9","article-title":"Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"235","author":"Danforth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1113\/EP089070","article-title":"Hypoxia gradually augments metabolic and thermoperceptual responsiveness to repeated whole-body cold stress in humans","volume":"105","author":"Keramidas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"649","article-title":"The influence of whole body cryotherapy on mental health","volume":"34","author":"Rymaszewska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-5215.2003.00023.x","article-title":"Influence of whole body cryotherapy on depressive symptoms\u2014Preliminary report","volume":"15","author":"Rymaszewska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"625","article-title":"Can short-term exposure to extremely low temperatures be used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of affective and anxiety disorders?","volume":"41","author":"Rymaszewska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-008-0006-5","article-title":"Whole-body cryotherapy as adjunct treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders","volume":"56","author":"Rymaszewska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2013.780130","article-title":"Mental state and quality of life after 10 session whole-body cryotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Borsuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.007","article-title":"The efficacy of acupressure for symptom management: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567639","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/567639","article-title":"Effect of auricular acupressure on peri- and early postmenopausal women with anxiety: A double-blinded, randomized, and controlled pilot study","volume":"2012","author":"Kao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2020.1747412","article-title":"Comparing the effect of acupressure with or without ice in LI-4 point on labour pain and anxiety levels during labour: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Mirzaee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2017.09.009","article-title":"Effects of Thermomechanical Stimulation during Vaccination on Anxiety, Pain, and Satisfaction in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"38","author":"Redfern","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2018.12.001","article-title":"The use of cold therapy, music therapy and lidocaine spray for reducing pain and anxiety following chest tube removal","volume":"34","author":"Karabulut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2021.12.003","article-title":"Effects of a Thermoelectric Element Band on Venipuncture-associated Pain and Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"Hur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849183","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/849183","article-title":"Evaluation of the oxidative effect of long-term repetitive hyperbaric oxygen exposures on different brain regions of rats","volume":"2012","author":"Simsek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3136","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003136","article-title":"Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Descriptive Review of the Technology and Current Application in Chronic Wounds","volume":"8","author":"Hajhosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozene, B., Sadanandan, N., Gonzales-Portillo, B., Saft, M., Cho, J., Park, Y.J., and Borlongan, C.V. (2020). An Extra Breath of Fresh Air: Hyperbaric Oxygenation as a Stroke Therapeutic. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10091279"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1895","article-title":"A phase I study of low-pressure hyperbaric oxygen therapy for blast-induced post-concussion syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"29","author":"Harch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7334","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007334","article-title":"Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on depression and anxiety in the patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (a STROBE-compliant article)","volume":"96","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104899","article-title":"Pharmacological basis of the anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of Silexan\u00ae, an essential oil from the flowers of lavender","volume":"143","author":"Sillani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2009.10.006","article-title":"A multi-center, double-blind, randomised study of the Lavender oil preparation Silexan in comparison to Lorazepam for generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"17","author":"Woelk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000017","article-title":"Lavender oil preparation Silexan is effective in generalized anxiety disorder\u2014A randomized, double-blind comparison to placebo and paroxetine","volume":"17","author":"Kasper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000176","article-title":"Silexan in generalized anxiety disorder: Investigation of the therapeutic dosage range in a pooled data set","volume":"32","author":"Kasper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1301488","article-title":"Silexan does not cause withdrawal symptoms even when abruptly discontinued","volume":"21","author":"Gastpar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01547-w","article-title":"Efficacy of Silexan in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"273","author":"Dold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110379283","article-title":"Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: A preliminary report","volume":"25","author":"Crippa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.6","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-na\u00efve social phobia patients","volume":"36","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0062","article-title":"A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Test of the Effects of Cannabidiol on Experiences of Test Anxiety Among College Students","volume":"8","author":"Stanley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30074-2","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Hindley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318291be67","article-title":"Kava in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"33","author":"Sarris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savage, K., Sarris, J., Hughes, M., Bousman, C.A., Rossell, S., Scholey, A., Stough, C., and Suo, C. (2023). Neuroimaging Insights: Kava\u2019s (Piper methysticum) Effect on Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex GABA in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4348556"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1089\/1075553041323759","article-title":"Explanatory attributions of anxiety and recovery in a study of kava","volume":"10","author":"Abraham","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867419891246","article-title":"Kava for generalised anxiety disorder: A 16-week double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study","volume":"54","author":"Sarris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. New Zealand J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1027","article-title":"Effect of valepotriates (valerian extract) in generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Andreatini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1078\/1433-187X-00305","article-title":"Treating depression comorbid with anxiety--results of an open, practice-oriented study with St John\u2019s wort WS 5572 and valerian extract in high doses","volume":"10","author":"Pfeil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6286","article-title":"Valerian extract alters functional brain connectivity: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Roh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1159\/000480053","article-title":"Valeriana officinalis Root Extract Modulates Cortical Excitatory Circuits in Humans","volume":"75","author":"Mineo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6349","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and quasi-randomized trials","volume":"33","author":"Hieu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.10.012","article-title":"Long-term chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.10.011","article-title":"An exploratory study of salivary cortisol changes during chamomile extract therapy of moderate to severe generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"96","author":"Keefe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.09.029","article-title":"Specific expectancies are associated with symptomatic outcomes and side effect burden in a trial of chamomile extract for generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"84","author":"Keefe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."}],"container-title":["Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/12\/9\/216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:57:13Z","timestamp":1760111833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/12\/9\/216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"references-count":230,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["diseases12090216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases12090216","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]}}}