{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:02:06Z","timestamp":1792789326377,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health with \u201cCurrent Research funds\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMSs) in slowing myopia progression in pediatric patients as a function of age. Methods: This was a non-randomized experimenter-masked retrospective controlled observational study of European individuals aged 6\u201316 years with progressive myopia but no ocular pathology. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of the participants allocated to receive DIMS spectacles (Hoya\u00ae MiyoSmart\u00ae) or single-vision spectacle lenses (control group). Cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL) were measured at baseline and at 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-ups. The results were stratified by age into four groups: patients wearing DIMS spectacles older or younger than 10 years of age (group A, 20 patients mean age 13.6 \u00b1 2.2, and group C, 20 patients mean age 9.0 \u00b1 1.2) and age-matched control groups (group B, 18 patients mean age 13.2 \u00b1 2.5, and group D, 22 patients mean age 8.5 \u00b1 0.9). Results: At 36 months, SE and AL increase were significantly reduced in groups A and C, respectively, compared to groups B and D (p &lt; 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation (p &lt; 0.05) between patient age and myopia progression for SE in groups A and C, but only in group A for AL. Groups B and D did not show any significant correlation (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: DIMS spectacles seem to slow myopia progression in pediatric patients; however, their effectiveness shows the greatest results in children older than 10 years of age. Moreover, our findings suggest that AL may be the more reliable parameter for evaluating myopia progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12090222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T09:43:13Z","timestamp":1726652593000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effectiveness of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments in Slowing Myopia Progression in Pediatric Patients as a Function of Age: Three-Year Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3200-3260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Buzzonetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCCS Children\u2019s Hospital, Via Torre di Palidoro snc, Passoscuro, 00050 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0449-969X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Petroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCCS Children\u2019s Hospital, Via Torre di Palidoro snc, Passoscuro, 00050 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Federici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCCS Children\u2019s Hospital, Via Torre di Palidoro snc, Passoscuro, 00050 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCCS Children\u2019s Hospital, Via Torre di Palidoro snc, Passoscuro, 00050 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6302-5542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Iarossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCCS Children\u2019s Hospital, Via Torre di Palidoro snc, Passoscuro, 00050 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD014758","article-title":"Interventions for myopia control in children: A living systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Dhakal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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