{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:39:01Z","timestamp":1787027941937,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2024R1005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R1005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes distinctive inflammatory symptoms and affects over 21 million people worldwide. RA is characterized by severe discomfort, swelling, and degradation of the bone and cartilage, further impairing joint function. The current study investigates the antiarthritic effect of a methanolic extract of Artemisia pallens (methanolic extract of A. pallens, MEAP), an aromatic herb. Artemisinin content (% per dry weight of the plant) was estimated using a UV Vis spectrophotometer. In the present study, animals were divided into six groups (n = 6). The control group (group I) was injected with 0.25% of carboxymethyl cellulose. The arthritic control group (group II) was treated with Freund\u2019s complete adjuvant (by injecting 0.1 mL). Prednisolone (10 mg\/kg), a lower dose of MEAP (100 mg\/kg), a medium dose of MEAP (200 mg\/kg), and a higher dose of MEAP (400 mg\/kg) were orally delivered to groups III, IV, V, and VI, respectively. Freund\u2019s complete adjuvant was administered into the sub-plantar portion of the left-hind paw in all the groups except vehicle control to induce rheumatoid arthritis. Weight variation; joint diameter; paw volume; thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia; hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress parameters; radiology; and a histopathological assessment of the synovial joint were observed in order to evaluate the antiarthritic effect of the methanolic extract of A. pallens. In this study, the estimated content of artemisinin was found to be 0.28% (per dry weight of the plant), which was in good agreement with the reported value. MEAP (200 and 400 mg\/kg) caused a significant reduction in increased paw volume and joint diameter in arthritic rats while significantly increasing body weight and the mechanical threshold of thermal algesia. Moreover, complete blood counts and serum enzyme levels improved significantly. Radiological analysis showed a reduction in soft tissue swelling and small erosions. A histopathological examination of the cells revealed reduced cell infiltration and the erosion of joint cartilage in MEAP-administered arthritic rats. The present research suggests that the antiarthritic activity of the methanolic extract of A. pallens wall is promising, as evidenced by the findings explored in our rat model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12100230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T04:00:04Z","timestamp":1727668804000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Artemisia pallens W. Attenuates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Freund\u2019s Complete Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tasneem","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar 854106, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parag","family":"Kadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandawane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopal","family":"Bhiyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Meerut Institute of Technology, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU), Meerut 250103, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4863-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Meerut Institute of Technology, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU), Meerut 250103, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md.","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar 854106, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-1771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Usman Mohd","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal\u2019s Institute of Pharmacy Dhule (MH), Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3714-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mudassar","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2008.07.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of rheumatic musculoskeletal disorders in the developing world","volume":"22","author":"Chopra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81109-5","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"85","author":"Feldmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"171","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Intersection of Genetics and Epigenetics","volume":"129","author":"Firestein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118717","article-title":"Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 reverses inflammation and expression of COX-2 and interleukin 6 in rat adjuvant arthritis","volume":"97","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.040659","article-title":"Simultaneous development of acute phase response and autoantibodies in preclinical rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Nielen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2008.02.002","article-title":"Novel approaches for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Lessons from the evaluation of synovial biomarkers in clinical trials","volume":"22","author":"Gerlag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Brunton, L.L., Lazo, J.S., and Parker, K. (2006). Goodman and Gilmans the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw Hill."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.09.015","article-title":"Studies on anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties of Caesalpinia bonducella F. seed oil in experimental animal models","volume":"48","author":"Shukla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, C.d.R., Barreto Arantes, M., Menezes de Faria Pereira, S., Leandro da Cruz, L., de Souza Passos, M., Pereira de Moraes, L., Vieira, I.J.C., and Barros de Oliveira, D. (2020). Plants as Sources of Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163726"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umam, K., Feng, C.S., Yang, G., Tu, P.C., Lin, C.Y., Yang, M.T., Kuo, T.F., Yang, W.C., and Tran Nguyen Minh, H. (2023). Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Mode of Action of the Anti-Bacterial Artemisia Plants. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10060633"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Bhatt, D., Singh, M.K., Sundaresan, V., Tandon, S., Padalia, R.C., Bawankule, D.U., and Verma, R.S. (2021). New Insights into the Chemical Composition, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Inhibition Profile of Davana (Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC.) Essential Oil and cis- Davanone in Primary Macrophage Cells. Chem. Biodivers., 18.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202100531"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-021-01328-4","article-title":"Phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of the genus artemisia","volume":"44","author":"Bisht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"7","article-title":"A comparative pharmacognostical evaluation of two Artemisia species found in Nilgiris biosphere","volume":"27","author":"Suresh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anc. Sci. Life"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, H.A., Qureshi, K.A., Ali, H.M., Al-Omar, M.S., Khan, O., and Mohammed, S.A.A. (2022). Bio-Evaluation of the Wound Healing Activity of Artemisia judaica L. as Part of the Plant\u2019s Use in Traditional Medicine; Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antibiofilm Properties of the Plant\u2019s Essential Oils. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020332"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27972","article-title":"Artemisinin and its derivatives as promising therapies for autoimmune diseases","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.11.018","article-title":"Extract of the Chinese herbal formula Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan inhibited adjuvant arthritis in rats","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-022-01346-5","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis and anti-microbial ac-tivities of Artemisia spp. and rapid isolation methods of artemisinin","volume":"12","author":"Mohammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"AMB Expr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Numonov, S., Sharopov, F., Salimov, A., Sukhrobov, P., Atolikshoeva, S., Safarzoda, R., Habasi, M., and Aisa, H.A. (2019). Assessment of Artemisinin Contents in Selected Artemisia Species from Tajikistan (Central Asia). Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6010023"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101690","article-title":"Effects of Artemisia annua on experimentally induced leucocytozoonosis in chickens","volume":"101","author":"Chiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2023, May 10). Acute Oral Toxicity: Up-and-Down Procedure. Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/env\/test-no-425-acute-oral-toxicity-up-and-down-procedure-9789264071049-en.htm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-111-27849","article-title":"Carrageenin-Induced Edema in Hind Paw of the Rat as an Assay for Antiinflammatory","volume":"111","author":"Winter","year":"1962","journal-title":"Drugs Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.08.033","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-psychiatric effects by the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum on complete Freund\u2019s adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats","volume":"126","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(94)90144-9","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw","volume":"53","author":"Chaplan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selvakumar, K., Bavithra, S., Suganya, S., Ahmad Bhat, F., Krishnamoorthy, G., and Arunakaran, J. (2013). Effect of Quercetin on Haematobiochemical and Histological Changes in the Liver of Polychlorined Biphenyls-Induced Adult Male Wistar Rats. J. Biomarkers, 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/960125"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","article-title":"The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"247","author":"Misra","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1230805","article-title":"The stimulatory effects of carbon tetrachloride and other halogenoalkanes on peroxidative reactions in rat liver fractions in vitro. General features of the systems used","volume":"123","author":"Slater","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ooc.2020.100002","article-title":"Drug delivery for traditional and emerging airway models","volume":"1","author":"Karra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Organs-on-a-Chip"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"243","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic property of ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea","volume":"13","author":"Swathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekambaram, S., Perumal, S.S., and Subramanian, V. (2010). Evaluation of antiarthritic activity of Strychnos potatorum Linn seeds in Freund\u2019s adjuvant induced arthritic rat model. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-56"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn389","article-title":"Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2005, featuring trends in lung cancer, tobacco use, and tobacco control","volume":"100","author":"Jemal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.12.716","article-title":"Initiation and perpetuation of rat adjuvant arthritis is inhibited by the anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) OX34","volume":"56","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s43994-023-00059-0","article-title":"Investigation of physico-chemical properties and evaluation of the biological potential of essential oil extracted from Artemisia pallens","volume":"9","author":"Jha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Umm Al-Qura Univ. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"3090","article-title":"Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Artemisia pallens","volume":"5","author":"Suresh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"716","article-title":"Artemisinin evaluation in Ro-manian Artemisia annua wild plants using a new HPLC\/MS method, Natural Product Research","volume":"25","author":"Ivanescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Former. Nat. Prod. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.934382","article-title":"Artemisia pal-lens alleviates acetaminophen induced toxicity via modulation of endogenous bi-omarkers","volume":"53","author":"Honmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.02.011","article-title":"Acute and chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Artemisia afra in rodents","volume":"112","author":"Mukinda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e061476","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061476","article-title":"Metabolic adverse events associated with systemic corticosteroid therapy-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"567","article-title":"Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Artemisia Pallens Wall Ex. Dc","volume":"1","author":"Ashok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacologyonline"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15053135","article-title":"Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. as Antioxidants and Their Potential Synergism with Artemisinin against Malaria and Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, W.W., Zhang, C., Hong, T., Liu, D.H., Wang, C., Li, J., He, X.K., and Xu, W.D. (2018). Silibinin alle-viates inflammation and induces apoptosis in human rheumatoid arthritis fibro-blast-like synoviocytes and has a therapeutic effect on arthritis in rats. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21674-6"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.4.207","article-title":"Cytokines and eicosanoids in rheumatic diseases","volume":"49","author":"Hopkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/10715768609088053","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Superoxide Dismutases: Studies on Adjuvant Induced Polyarthritis in Rats","volume":"2","author":"Jadot","year":"1986","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00175-1","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in rats","volume":"76","author":"Geetha","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06554.x","article-title":"Percutaneous exposure of adjuvant oil causes arthritis in DA rats","volume":"96","author":"Kleinau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.3.883","article-title":"Selective neutralization of prostaglandin E2 blocks inflammation, hyperalgesia, and interleukin 6 production in vivo","volume":"184","author":"Portanova","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"890","article-title":"Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of essential oil of Strobilanthus ixiocephala Benth","volume":"41","author":"Agarwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian. J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.11.006","article-title":"Targeted delivery of nanoparticles for the treatment of lung diseases","volume":"60","author":"Azarmi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ed-Carvajal, A.J., Agreda-P\u00e9rez, L.H., and Sol\u00e0, I. (2013). Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000332.pub3"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2015.08.007","article-title":"Anti-arthritic activity of a classical Ayurvedic formulation Vatari Guggulu in rats","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S327378","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Curcumin in the Inflammatory Diseases: Status, Limitations and Countermeasures","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.02.008","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and molecular mechanisms of JCICM-6, a purified extract derived from an anti-arthritic Chinese herbal formula","volume":"15","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.020","article-title":"Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as potential biomarkers for disease activity and the role of antioxidants","volume":"97","author":"Khojah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.18053\/jctres.02.201603.005","article-title":"The role of TNF-\u03b1 in rheumatoid arthritis: A focus on regulatory T cells","volume":"2","author":"Farrugia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monboisse, J.C., and Borel, J.P. (1992). Oxidative damage to collagen. Free Radicals Aging, Birkh\u00e4user.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-7460-1_32"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4150.529","article-title":"Free Radicals and Inflammation: Protection of Synovial Fluid by Superoxide Dismutase","volume":"80","author":"McCord","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"260","article-title":"Effect of oxygen free radicals on collagen in inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Borel","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Biol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1257","article-title":"Investigation of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"24","author":"Baskol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"331","article-title":"An-ti-inflammatory activities of flavonoid derivates","volume":"11","author":"Ysrafil","year":"2023","journal-title":"ADMET DMPK"}],"container-title":["Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/12\/10\/230\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:06:49Z","timestamp":1760112409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/12\/10\/230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diseases12100230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases12100230","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]]}}}