{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:18:17Z","timestamp":1791944297370,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22K16798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K16798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24K14802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K14802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Urinary stones (urolithiasis) have been categorized as kidney stones (renal calculus), ureteric stones (ureteral calculus and ureterolith), bladder stones (bladder calculus), and urethral stones (urethral calculus); however, the mechanisms underlying their promotion and related injuries in glomerular and tubular cells remain unclear. Although lifestyle-related diseases (LSRDs) such as hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetic mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular disease are risk factors for urolithiasis, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) on the membrane of HK-2 human proximal tubular epithelium cells has been associated with the adhesion of urinary stones and cytotoxicity. Further, HSP90 in human pancreatic and breast cells can be modified by various advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), thus affecting their function. Hypothesis 1: We hypothesized that HSP90s on\/in human proximal tubular epithelium cells can be modified by various types of AGEs, and that they may affect their functions and it may be a key to reveal that LSRDs are associated with urolithiasis. Hypothesis 2: We considered the possibility that Japanese traditional medicines for urolithiasis may inhibit AGE generation. Of Choreito and Urocalun (the extract of Quercus\u00a0salicina Blume\/Quercus\u00a0stenophylla Makino) used in the clinic, Choreito is a Kampo medicine, while Urocalun is a characteristic Japanese traditional medicine. As Urocalun contains quercetin, hesperidin, and p-hydroxy cinnamic acid, which can inhibit AGE generation, we hypothesized that Urocalun may inhibit the generation of AGE-modified HSP90s in human proximal tubular epithelium cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T10:32:26Z","timestamp":1735813946000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Advanced Glycation End-Product-Modified Heat Shock Protein 90 May Be Associated with Urinary Stones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0514-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takanobu","family":"Takata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular and Genetic Biology, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8639-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinya","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"},{"name":"Inoue Iin Clinic, Kusatsu 525-0034, Shiga, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenshiro","family":"Kunii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5897-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Togen","family":"Masauji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Moriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"},{"name":"General Medical Center, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Motoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, Wadanaka 918-8503, Fukui, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0331-3753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhito","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14035","article-title":"High-salt diet promotes crystal deposition through hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rat model","volume":"26","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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