{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:33:07Z","timestamp":1787938387684,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit changes in leukocyte dynamics, leading to altered hematological and biochemical parameters and deteriorating kidney function. In this study, we aim to investigate the correlation between leukocyte subpopulations and hematological and biochemical parameters in patients with end-stage CKD undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: This descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study included 20 end-stage CKD patients on hemodialysis. Leukocyte subpopulations, including classical monocytes (CD14++\/CD16\u2212), intermediate monocytes (CD14++\/CD16+), non-classical monocytes (CD14+\/CD16++), CD4 T lymphocytes (CD3+\/CD4+), CD8 T lymphocytes (CD3+\/CD8+), B lymphocytes (CD3\u2212\/CD19+), NK cells (CD56+\/CD16+), and iNKT cells (CD3+\/CD56+), were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results: Patients with end-stage CKD on hemodialysis have decreased classical monocytes and increased non-classical monocytes frequency. A positive correlation was observed between non-classical monocytes and total lymphocytes (Rho-Spearman: R = 0.495, p = 0.027) as well as B lymphocytes (R = 0.567, p &lt; 0.05). We discerned the immunological characteristics of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and CKD due to other causes in this balanced cohort: B lymphocytes negatively correlate with alkaline phosphatase (R = \u22120.764, p &lt; 0.05), parathyroid hormone (R = \u22120.929, p &lt; 0.05), and ferritin (R = \u22120.893, p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, in DKD, non-classical monocytes positively correlate with eosinophils (R = +0.691; p = 0.019) and classic monocytes with neutrophils (R = +0.627, p = 0.039). Meanwhile, a correlation between either total T lymphocytes or helper T lymphocytes and serum albumin was detected on patients with nephropathy due to other causes. Conclusions: CKD alters classical and non-classical monocyte frequency, whilst T and B lymphocyte frequency positively correlates to the proinflammatory non-classical monocytes. In DKD patients, the uremic environment increases classic monocytes, CD16+ inflammatory monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and B lymphocytes. The described leukocyte dynamic correlates with alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, iron, and serum albumin serological concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13040090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T11:06:48Z","timestamp":1742555208000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Leukocyte Dysregulation and Biochemical Alterations in End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients Under Hemodialysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8816-2412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Goyoneche Linares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ONG Innovation and Science for the Care and Support of Society\u2013INNOVACARE, Lima 15036, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daysi Zulema","family":"Diaz-Obreg\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Technology Assessment and Research Institute (IETSI), EsSalud, Lima 15072, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8719-4324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Granda Alacote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ONG Innovation and Science for the Care and Support of Society\u2013INNOVACARE, Lima 15036, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Bryant","family":"Castro N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15011, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Gracia","family":"Casta\u00f1eda Torrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ONG Innovation and Science for the Care and Support of Society\u2013INNOVACARE, Lima 15036, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7372-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis Germ\u00e1n","family":"Murillo Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Cancer Research Group (IMMUCA), OMICS, Lima 15001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Liendo Liendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Center-CENESA, Lima 15072, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine Susan","family":"Rufasto Goche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Arrun\u00e1tegui Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Medicine, University of San Mart\u00edn de Porres, Lima 15011, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"de Le\u00f3n Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Virology Research, Faculty of Human Medicine, University of San Mart\u00edn de Porres, Lima 15011, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Vaidya, S.R., and Aeddula, N.R. 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