{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:52:59Z","timestamp":1789602779201,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcopenia is characterized by a loss of muscle mass and function, with significant implications for the physical performance of the affected people. Although commonly associated with aging, disease-related sarcopenia is of great clinical importance, particularly as it impacts disease progression and outcomes. Individuals with rheumatic diseases (RDs), including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, spondyloarthritides, systemic lupus erythematosus, fibromyalgia, myositis, or vasculitis, exhibit a high prevalence of sarcopenia, which exacerbates their clinical symptoms and contributes to poorer disease outcomes. Chronic inflammation influences muscle tissue degradation, causing a decline in physical performance. Apart from the apparent clinical manifestations, patients with RDs also use pharmacological treatments that negatively impact muscle mass further, increasing the risk of sarcopenia. Nutrition (diet and dietary supplements) and exercise interventions have been recommended as protective measures for sarcopenia as they may mitigate its adverse events. The present narrative review seeks to explore the methods used to assess sarcopenia in patients with RDs, its prevalence among them, and the challenges faced by the affected individuals, while critically assessing the appropriateness and limitations of current sarcopenia assessment tools in the context of RDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13050134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T04:25:50Z","timestamp":1745814350000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sarcopenia in Rheumatic Diseases: A Hidden Issue of Concern"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eleni C.","family":"Pardali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunonutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis Campus, GR-42110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markos","family":"Klonizakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lifestyle, Exercise and Nutrition Improvement (LENI) Research Group, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Sheffield Hallam University, Collegiate Hall, Collegiate Crescent Rd, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios G.","family":"Goulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health, Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sousana K.","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1517-8691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Cholevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, University Campus, GR-54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos","family":"Giaginis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, GR-81400 Lemnos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7869-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Tsigalou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital, GR-68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9697-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios P.","family":"Bogdanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunonutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis Campus, GR-42110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G.","family":"Grammatikopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunonutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis Campus, GR-42110 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health, Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.5.1231","article-title":"Summary Comments: Epidemiological and Methodological Problems in Determining Nutritional Status of Older Persons","volume":"50","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. 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