{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:24:17Z","timestamp":1775705057016,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010567","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n de la Ciudad De M\u00e9xico (SECTEI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SECTEI\/134\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECTEI\/134\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of mortality globally, contributing significantly to the burden on healthcare systems. Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of NCD mortality is crucial for identifying vulnerable populations and regions at high risk. Objectives: Here, we evaluated the spatiotemporal patterns of NCD mortality in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (MAVM) from 2000 to 2019 for five International Classification of Diseases chapters (4, 5, 6, 9, and 10) at two spatial scales: the municipal level and metropolitan region. Methods: Mortality rates were calculated for the total population and stratified by sex and age groups at both spatial scales. In addition, the relative risk (RR) of mortality was estimated to identify vulnerable population groups and regions with a high risk of mortality, using women and the 25\u201334 age group as reference categories for population-level analysis, and the overall MAVM mortality rate as the reference for municipal-level analysis. Results: Mortality trends showed that circulatory-system diseases (Chapter 9) are emerging as a concerning health issue, with 45 municipalities showing increasing mortality trends, especially among older adults. Respiratory-system diseases (Chapter 10), mental and behavioral disorders (Chapter 5) and nervous-system diseases (Chapter 6) predominantly did not exhibit a consistent general mortality trend. However, upon disaggregating by sex and age groups, specific negative or positive trends emerged at the municipal level for some of these chapters or subgroups. Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (Chapter 4) showed a complex pattern, with some age groups presenting increasing mortality trends, and 52 municipalities showing increasing trends overall. The RR showed men and older age groups (\u226535 years) exhibiting higher mortality risks. The temporal trend of RR allowed us to identify spatial mortality hotspots mainly in chapters related to circulatory, endocrine, and respiratory diseases, forming four geographical clusters in Mexico City that show persistent high risk of mortality. Conclusions: The spatiotemporal analysis highlights municipalities and vulnerable populations with a consistently elevated mortality risk. These findings emphasize the need for monitoring NCD mortality patterns at both the municipal and metropolitan levels to address disparities and guide the implementation of health policies aimed at reducing mortality risk in vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13080241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T08:51:41Z","timestamp":1754038301000},"page":"241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatiotemporal Patterns of Non-Communicable Disease Mortality in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, 2000\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7347-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantino","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Salazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAyCC\u2014Instituto de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, UNAM\u2014Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"C3\u2014Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"LANBIOCC\u2014Laboratorio Nacional de Biolog\u00eda del Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, SECIHTI, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathia","family":"Gasca-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAyCC\u2014Instituto de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, UNAM\u2014Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Cordero-Saldierna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAyCC\u2014Instituto de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, UNAM\u2014Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). 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