{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:52:12Z","timestamp":1778910732431,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a widespread, multifaceted disorder involving overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative liver injury, and dysfunction of the brain\u2019s dopaminergic reward circuits. Korean red ginseng (KRG), an herbal supplement derived from Panax ginseng, has demonstrated qualities potentially useful to the treatment of AUD, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anxiolytic effects. This review examines active constituents of KRG, their pharmacological actions, and evidence supporting KRG\u2019s therapeutic potential in the context of AUD, while also assessing its safety profile, adverse effects, and potential drug interactions. KRG\u2019s main bioactive constituents, ginsenosides, appear to have roles in modulating alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, ethanol-activated inflammatory cytokine cascades, and neurological systems disrupted by AUD, including GABAergic and dopaminergic pathways. Evidence from animal models and limited small-scale human trials suggests KRG may alleviate symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, enhance cognitive performance, and attenuate anxiety through these pathways. While generally safe for consumption, several case reports and animal studies have indicated KRG\u2019s potential to pose a variety of risks in vulnerable populations at high, prolonged doses, including hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular changes, mood disturbances, and hormonal effects. Furthermore, KRG\u2019s neuromodulating role and influence on cytochrome P450 enzymes make it liable to interact with several medications, including warfarin, midazolam, selegiline, and serotonergic agents. Overall, KRG shows promise as a complementary supplement in managing aspects of AUD, though current evidence is limited by low sample sizes, inconsistent reports regarding nuances of ginsenosides\u2019 mechanisms, and a low number of human trials. Further human-focused research is needed to elucidate its safety, efficacy, and mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13090285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1756735366000},"page":"285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Review of the Mechanisms and Risks of Panax ginseng in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eli","family":"Frazer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA 92324, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA 92324, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacky","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA 92324, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1174-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA 92324, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7450-3620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA 92324, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA 92324, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Allee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, College Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90806, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(08)00401-4","article-title":"Chapter 1 Ginsenosides","volume":"Volume 55","author":"Christensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Advances in Food and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"511","article-title":"Panax ginseng C.A. 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