{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T01:36:54Z","timestamp":1769823414289,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Walter Sisulu University\u2019s University Capacity Development"},{"name":"Walter Sisulu University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common globally, posing significant public health challenges and financial strain, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounts for 40% of global STI prevalence, with South Africa having the highest rates of curable STIs and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), both of which are closely linked to increasing HIV transmission risk and other STIs. Genital ulcer disease (GUD), primarily caused by HSV-1, HSV-2, and Treponema pallidum, and less frequently by Haemophilus ducreyi, Klebsiella granulomatis, and Chlamydia trachomatis, exemplifies the complex interplay of STIs. Methods: This study analyzed GUD and co-infection with HIV, testing patterns, and co-occurrence trends among public clinic attendees in Mthatha, South Africa, to identify demographic, behavioral, and occupational disparities. Results: Sex-specific analysis revealed higher HIV prevalence among female attendees (47.00%) compared to male attendees (22.00%), alongside notable testing gaps and disparities in diseases such as syphilis, genital herpes, and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). Age-specific trends indicated the highest HIV prevalence in individuals aged 30\u201349, with peaks at 66.67% (30\u201339) and 76.47% (40\u201349). Treponema pallidum and HSV-2 prevalence were most pronounced in younger age groups (&lt;20 and 20\u201329), while older demographics (50+) exhibited significant diagnostic gaps. Occupation-based analysis highlighted elevated HIV (65.91%) and HSV-2 (19.61%) prevalence among unemployed individuals, reflecting socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Co-occurrence analysis revealed notable overlaps, such as HIV and HSV-2 (6.67%) and Chlamydia trachomatis with HSV-1 (5.71%) and HSV-2 (4.76%), driven by shared risk factors. Correlation analysis identified strong links between HSV-1 and Haemophilus ducreyi (0.64) and between Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV-1 (0.56), underscoring the potential for integrated diagnostic strategies. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the need for targeted public health interventions addressing sex, age, and occupational disparities while improving diagnostic coverage and prevention efforts for co-occurring infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13090293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T12:18:18Z","timestamp":1757074698000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiological Patterns of Genital Ulcer Disease and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Public Clinic Attendees in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8707-3090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thembisa R.","family":"Tshaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5100, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7308-4239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindiwe M.","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5100, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-3864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teke R.","family":"Apalata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5100, South Africa"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service, Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, Mthatha 5100, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9073-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zizipho Z. A.","family":"Mbulawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5100, South Africa"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service, Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, Mthatha 5100, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00448-5","article-title":"Global burden and trends of sexually transmitted infections from 1990 to 2019: An observational trend study","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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