{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:01:58Z","timestamp":1790787718570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a life threatening condition marked by inadequate tissue perfusion due to impaired cardiac output. Despite advances in diagnosis and management, mortality remains unacceptably high. Objective: This prospective, single-center observational study aimed to characterize the clinical profile, management strategies, and short- and long-term outcomes of patients with CS. Methods: Seventy patients (SCAI stages B\u2013E) admitted to the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) of a tertiary university hospital over a 24-month period were enrolled. Demographic, clinical, hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and biochemical data were collected. The primary outcomes were in-hospital, 1-month, and 1-year mortality. Secondary outcomes included the use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS), mechanical ventilation (MV), and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Results: Acute myocardial infarction-related CS (AMI-CS) and heart failure-related CS (HF-CS) accounted for 64% of cases. The overall in-hospital mortality was 49%. SCAI stage C was independently associated with higher mortality at all time points compared with stage B. Key predictors of mortality included higher SCAI stage, elevated lactate and creatinine levels, and reduced cardiac output. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) use was more frequent in AMI-CS. Conclusions: CS continues to be associated with poor prognosis, particularly in patients with higher SCAI stages. Standardized clinical pathways and national registries are urgently needed to guide evidence-based and resource-appropriate care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13090302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T09:43:41Z","timestamp":1757929421000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Admitted in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit with Cardiogenic Shock: A Single-Center Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9120-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos C.","family":"Siaravas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3578-1009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidonis","family":"Rammos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1721-2539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aris","family":"Bechlioulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos D.","family":"Floros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3207-0293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eftychia","family":"Papaioannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8840-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna","family":"Samara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Cardiologie, Hopitaux du Pays du Mont Blanc, 74700 Sallanches, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilektra","family":"Stamou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8778-2303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros","family":"Kalogeras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyridon Athanasios","family":"Sioros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5761-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilis","family":"Bouratzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9401-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lampros","family":"Lakkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7638-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos S.","family":"Katsouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9900-9659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina K.","family":"Naka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lampros K.","family":"Michalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021061","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.021061","article-title":"Fifteen-Year Trends in Incidence of Cardiogenic Shock Hospitalization and In-Hospital Mortality in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Osman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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