{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T12:04:57Z","timestamp":1788609897356,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006400","name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aging is the result of the accumulation of a great variety of molecular and cellular damage over time. During aging, the brain undergoes changes and diseases such as depression, dementia, anxiety, Alzheimer\u2019s, delirium, behavioral disorders and aggression, and prolonged mourning, among others, appear. The gut\u2013brain axis suggests that the gut and the brain have a bidirectional communication, so it is important to maintain proper intestinal health to strengthen the neurological changes of this age group. The intestinal microbiota is a dynamic and highly complex ecosystem of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract. The bidirectional and dynamic communication between the homeostatic systems, such as the endocrine and immune systems, as well as the nervous system, allow us to face problems associated with several diseases. Probiotics are defined as non-pathogenic live microorganisms that provide beneficial effects to the organism and participate in the prevention and treatment of diseases, which is the reason why it is important to promote interventions that keep intestinal microbiota in eubiosis (microbiota balance). The concentration and balance of the intestinal microbiota depend on several conditions, such as diet, antibiotic consumption, and lifestyle, to mentioned a few. However, interventions with probiotics have shown improvements in both cognitive function and processes that promote neurodegeneration. It is such that the research has been directed on designing strategies that improve not only oral bioavailability but also intestinal adhesion and retention, to clarify the frequency and dosage that should be consumed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13100317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:39:37Z","timestamp":1758883177000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Effect of Bacteria Modulation with Probiotic Consumption in Neurodegeneration During Aging: A Narrative Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8303-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayeli","family":"Valdez Gayosso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Medical Science, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42039, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-8617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Oma\u00f1a Covarrubias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Medical Science, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42039, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7530-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"Nez Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Medical Science, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42039, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-7909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"L\u00f3pez Pontigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, School of Medical Science, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42039, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3194-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Refugio","family":"Acu\u00f1a Gurrola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, School of Medical Science, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42039, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5266-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertha Maribel","family":"Pimentel P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, School of Medical Science, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42039, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Institute for the Elderly (2025, May 28). Aging and Old Age. Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/inapam\/articulos\/envejecimiento-y-vejez#:~:text=son%20conceptos%20diferentes.-,Al%20proceso%20que%20inicia%20desde%20el%20nacimiento%20y%20termina%20con,estamos%20en%20proceso%20de%20envejecimiento."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ferrer, I. (2024). Chapter 36. Neurodegeneration. Zarranz JJ. Neurology, Elsevier. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"171","article-title":"Influence of the gut microbiome associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases: Literature review","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. UAS"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, P., Su, L., Zhu, H., Li, X., Guo, Y., Du, X., Zhang, L., and Qin, C. (2021). Gut Microbiota Regulation and Their Implication in the Development of Neurodegenerative Disease. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112281"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"62","article-title":"Role of probiotic upplementation in the development and assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A narrative review","volume":"6","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. De Nutr. Cl\u00ednica Y Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"197","article-title":"Normal brain aging","volume":"2","author":"Escobar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mex. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14037","article-title":"Brain aging and neurodegeneration: From a mitochondrial point of view","volume":"143","author":"Gimm","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"19","article-title":"Physiologic changes associated with aging","volume":"23","author":"Salech","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Las Condes Med. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201695810","article-title":"Brain metabolism in health, aging, and neurodegeneration","volume":"36","author":"Camandola","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e1n-Campos, V., Padilla-G\u00f3mez, E., Palma, L., Aguliar-V\u00e1zquez, A., and D\u00edaz-Cintra, S. (2011). Neurobiological basis of neuronal aging. Rev. Digit. Univ., 12, Available online: https:\/\/www.revista.unam.mx\/vol.12\/num3\/art30\/art30.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.041","article-title":"Degree of Bilingualism predicts age of diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in low education but not in highly educated Hispanics","volume":"49","author":"Gollan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e247361","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.7361","article-title":"Cognitive Training for Reduction of Delirium in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.5.671.14584","article-title":"Head circumference, education and risk of dementia: Findings from the nun study","volume":"25","author":"Mortimer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"21","article-title":"Brain changes in normal and pathological aging","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol. Neuropsychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101636","article-title":"Neurogenesis in aging and age-relates neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"78","author":"Culing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"240","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease","volume":"78","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Gatroenterol. M\u00e9xic"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"92","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota: \u201cthe forgotten organ\u201d","volume":"19","author":"Merino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta M\u00e9dica Grupo Angeles"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, H.Y., Tan, L.T., Law, J.W., Hong, K.W., Ratnasingam, V., Ab Mutalib, N.S., Lee, L.H., and Letchumanan, V. (2022). Exploring the potential of Human Milk and Formula Milk on Infants\u2019 Gut and Health. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173554"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359677","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2359677","article-title":"The human gut microbiome and aging","volume":"16","author":"Bradley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyriki, D., Nikolaidis, C.G., Bezirtzoglou, E., Voidarou, C., Stavropoulou, E., and Tsigalou, C. (2025). The gut microbiota and aging: Interactions, implications and interventions. Front. Aging, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2025.1452917"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111095","article-title":"Gut microbiota and old age: Modulating factors and interventions for healthy longevity","volume":"141","author":"Coman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1867054","article-title":"Gut Microbiota an aging","volume":"62","author":"Ling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"60","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota: A Literature Review","volume":"4","author":"Huerta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Ocronos"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.02.014","article-title":"Gut microbiota, an additional hallmark of human aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"518","author":"Molinero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"10","article-title":"Gut microbiota: Fundamental ally of the human organism","volume":"32","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994835","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1994835","article-title":"Effects of anti-aging interventions on intestinal microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"47","article-title":"Gut microbiota and probiotics as we age","volume":"606","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacist"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01743-1","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Loh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad026","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2515690X20957225","article-title":"Dysfunction of the Microbiota-Gut. Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Promise of therapeutic Modulation with prebiotics, medicinal herbs, probiotics, and synbiotics","volume":"251","author":"Peterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mafe, A.N., and B\u00fcsselberg, D. (2025). Could a Mediterranean Diet Modulate Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression? The role of gut microbiota and metabolite signatures in neurodegeneration. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14091559"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gubert, C., Kong, G., Renoir, T., and Hannan, A.J. (2020). Exercise, diet and stress as modulators of gut microbiota: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol. Dis., 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104621"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"70","article-title":"Mental illness and healthy nutrition. New alternatives for their treatment","volume":"27","author":"Quintela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Span. J. Community Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationship between intestinal microbiota, epigenetics and exposome in maternal and infant health","volume":"91","author":"Mena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cuba. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Xu, J., and Chen, Y. (2021). Regulation of neurotransmitters by the gut microbiota and effects on cognition in neurological disorders. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062099"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102689","article-title":"Bridging gap in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease via posbiotics: Current practices an future prospects","volume":"105","author":"Bashir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, G., Bevilacqua, L., Giuliani, M.E., Bigossi, G., Marcozzi, S., Casoli, T., Abbrescia, P., Frigeri, A., Malavolta, M., and Balietti, M. (2025). The aging choroid plexus and its relationship with gut dysbiosis and Klotho decline: Possible intervention strategies. GeroScience, Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01797-1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rob, M., Yousef, M., Lakshmanan, A.P., Mahboob, A., Terranegra, A., and Chaari, A. (2025). Microbial signatures and therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother., 184.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.117905"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonfili, L., Grasselli, F.M., Cuccioloni, M., Cecarini, V., Lufrano, D., Vittadini, E., Galosi, L., Sonsini, G., Ubaldi, M., and Turck, J.L. (2025). A red lentis-based symbiotic cookie exerts neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Nutr. Biochem., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2025.109904"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"33","article-title":"Gut microbiota, probiotics and mental health","volume":"83","author":"Scorza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Psychiatry Urug."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.47196\/da.v28i4.2310","article-title":"Microbiota: An intelligent ecosystem","volume":"28","author":"Edelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Argent."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alli, S.R., Gorbovskaya, I., Liu, J.C.W., Kolla, N.J., Brow, L., and M\u00fcleer, D.J. (2022). The gut microbiome in depression and depression and potential benefit of probiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics: A systematic review of clinical trials and observational studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094494"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"2","article-title":"Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.05.003","article-title":"Probiotics ameliorate major depressive disorder and accompanying gastrointestinal syndromes via serotonergic system regulation","volume":"45","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01977-z","article-title":"Clinica, gut microbial and neural effects of a probiotic add-on therapy in depressed patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Schaub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.09.012","article-title":"The gut microbiome, mild cognitive impairment, and probiotics: A randomized clinical trial in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"41","author":"Aljumaah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220148","article-title":"Effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium breve in improving cognitive function and preventing brain atrophy in older patients with suspected mild cognitive impairment: Results of a 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"Asaoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107988","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: Tales of a vicious cycle","volume":"231","author":"Chidambaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"e72427","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Disorders and the Gut-Microbiome-Brain Axis: A Literature Review","volume":"16","author":"Dandamudi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boehme, M., Guzzetta, K.E., Was\u00e9n, C., and Cox, L.M. (2023). The gut microbiota in an emerging target for improving brain health during ageing. Gut Microbiome, 4.","DOI":"10.1017\/gmb.2022.11"}],"container-title":["Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/13\/10\/317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:56:00Z","timestamp":1758884160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/13\/10\/317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diseases13100317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases13100317","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]}}}