{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T11:34:57Z","timestamp":1763465697228,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Junior Projects of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia","award":["JP06\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP06\/23"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inflammation plays a central role in the formation of peptic ulcers, yet the contribution of cellular immunity remains poorly defined. This study aimed to clarify the contribution of cellular immunity to acute gastric mucosal injury. Methods: BALB\/c mice received 80% ethanol via oral gavage to induce acute gastric injury. Stomachs were examined macroscopically and histologically, and gastric tissues were analyzed by qPCR, ELISA, and flow cytometry for cytokine expression, immune cell infiltration, and apoptosis. Results: Administration of ethanol exacerbated acute gastric injury in mice, as evidenced by extensive macroscopic lesions and severe disruption of mucosal architecture. This damage was accompanied by marked infiltration of CD11c+ dendritic cells, together with an increased frequency of CD86-expressing and IL-12-producing dendritic cells. In addition, there was greater accumulation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, including elevated numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells producing IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17, as well as CD8+CD107a+ cytotoxic cells. Alongside these cellular alterations, ethanol exposure was accompanied by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-17, and IFN-\u03b3) in gastric tissue. In parallel, ethanol exposure also promoted epithelial cell apoptosis, further contributing to mucosal deterioration. Conclusions: Our findings reveal for the first time that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells participate in sterile ethanol-induced acute gastric injury, emphasizing cellular immunity as an important yet insufficiently studied contributor to mucosal damage and highlighting the necessity for further mechanistic and translational research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13110374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T11:05:31Z","timestamp":1763463931000},"page":"374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["T Helper and Cytotoxic T Cells Play an Important Role in Acute Gastric Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4675-4344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan F.","family":"Corovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Novi Pazar, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jelena M.","family":"Pantic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8308-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidora A.","family":"Stanisavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sladjana M.","family":"Pavlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1697-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nemanja U.","family":"Jovicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1169-2378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan P.","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordana D.","family":"Radosavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8408-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojana J. Simovic","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116436","article-title":"From lab to nature: Recent advancements in the journey of gastroprotective agents from medicinal chemistry to phytotherapy","volume":"272","author":"Yadav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. 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