{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:47:27Z","timestamp":1788911247770,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The objectives of this study were to characterize the clinical, hormonal, and extended biomarker profile of infertile men in a Moroccan context, based on a retrospective single-center study, and to assess the relevance of selected markers for initial andrological assessment. Methods: This descriptive, retrospective, single-center study included 1399 men consulting for infertility between January and December 2024 in a specialized center. Collected data encompassed lifestyle habits, medical history, semen parameters (WHO 2021 criteria), sperm DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay), nuclear decondensation, and hormonal assays (FSH, testosterone, and inhibin B) available in a subset of 156, 56, and 26 patients (for FSH, testosterone, and inhibin B, respectively). Associations with oligozoospermia were explored using univariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean age was 39.0 \u00b1 8.0 years; 57% presented with primary infertility, and 82.8% were active smokers. A sperm concentration &lt;16 M\/mL was observed in 31.6% of patients. Among the 156 patients analyzed, high FSH levels were observed in 24% of cases. As for inhibin B, among the 26 patients evaluated, a decrease in levels was observed in 38% of cases. Pathological DNA fragmentation was found in 9.6%. In univariate analysis, oligozoospermia was significantly associated with elevated FSH (OR = 7.25; 95% CI: 3.15\u201316.70), varicocele (OR = 1.81), and smoking (OR = 0.66). Conclusion: This is the first large-scale Moroccan study integrating advanced biomarkers into the assessment of male infertility. The observed associations between elevated FSH, sperm DNA fragmentation, and varicocele support the development of a simplified andrological triage strategy, particularly relevant in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases14010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:08:11Z","timestamp":1767190091000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological, Clinical, and Biomarker Profile of Male Infertility in Morocco: A Retrospective Single-Center Study of 1399 Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4690-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henri Hubert","family":"Kwizera Tsinda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of Casablanca, Casablanca 50169, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Reproductive Biology, Labomac, Casablanca 20100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0742-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modou Mamoune","family":"Mbaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Reproductive Biology, Labomac, Casablanca 20100, Morocco"},{"name":"Immunopathology-Immunotherapy-Immunomonitoring Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health and Sciences, Casablanca 20270, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0528-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Koumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Reproductive Biology, Labomac, Casablanca 20100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reine Rolande","family":"Ada Edou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Reproductive Biology, Labomac, Casablanca 20100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achraf","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Reproductive Biology, Labomac, Casablanca 20100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noureddine","family":"Louanjli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Reproductive Biology, Labomac, Casablanca 20100, Morocco"},{"name":"IRIFIV Fertility Center, IVF Laboratory and MSREM Scientific Research Group, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouchra","family":"Ghazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology-Immunotherapy-Immunomonitoring Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health and Sciences, Casablanca 20270, Morocco"},{"name":"Mohamed VI Center for Research and Innovation (CM6RI), Rabat 11103, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Maachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of Casablanca, Casablanca 50169, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakima","family":"Benomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of Casablanca, Casablanca 50169, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Turk","family":"Joumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of Casablanca, Casablanca 50169, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karima","family":"Sabounji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of Casablanca, Casablanca 50169, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-11-66","article-title":"Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: Taking control of your fertility","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. 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