{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:54:34Z","timestamp":1789750474535,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis are highly prevalent immune-inflammatory diseases that interact bidirectionally. However, how early-onset T2DM, periodontitis, and adverse lifestyle behaviors collectively remodel the gingival plaque microbiome at the ecological network level remains poorly understood in Indian populations. Methods: A cross-sectional 16S rRNA gene (V3\u2013V4) sequencing study was conducted on supragingival and subgingival plaque from 60 adults (30\u201340 years) recruited in Mumbai. Participants were categorized as healthy (H, n = 10), periodontitis (P, n = 10), T2DM (n = 20), and T2DM with periodontitis (T2DM_P, n = 20). Comprehensive demographic, anthropometric, metabolic, periodontal, dietary, lifestyle, and oral hygiene data were collected. Sequence data were processed using QIIME2\u2013DADA2, followed by diversity, differential abundance, and genus-level co-occurrence network analyses (Spearman |r| \u2265 0.6, FDR &lt; 0.05; core prevalence \u2265 70%). Results: \u03b1-diversity showed no marked depletion across groups, whereas Bray\u2013Curtis \u03b2-diversity revealed significant global separation, with maximal dissimilarity between H and T2DM_P. Healthy individuals with favorable lifestyle behaviors harbored scaffold-forming taxa such as Corynebacterium matruchotii, Lautropia mirabilis, and Capnocytophaga spp. In contrast, P and T2DM_P groups showed enrichment of proteolytic, inflammation-adapted genera including Porphyromonas, Tannerella, Treponema, Fretibacterium, Peptostreptococcus, and Selenomonas. Network analysis revealed a shift from commensal-rich modular networks to densely connected, keystone-centered disease modules. Conclusion: Early-onset T2DM and periodontitis, particularly under adverse lifestyle behaviors, reorganize plaque microbial composition and interaction architecture rather than depleting diversity, highlighting plaque-based keystone taxa and networks as targets for microbiome-informed risk stratification and integrated medical\u2013dental\u2013lifestyle interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases14020038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1769190758000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Oral Microbiome in Indian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Periodontitis Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Murmu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Post-Somathne, Panvel 410206, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajshri","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Post-Somathne, Panvel 410206, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Gaikwad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Fort, Mumbai 400001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshaya","family":"Banodkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Fort, Mumbai 400001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0752-6948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagar","family":"Barage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Post-Somathne, Panvel 410206, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6144-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preethi","family":"Sudhakara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aruni Wilson","family":"Santhosh Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Post-Somathne, Panvel 410206, India"},{"name":"School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA 92324, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Xie, Y., Gao, W., Li, C., Ye, Q., and Li, Y. 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