{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T18:07:42Z","timestamp":1769969262361,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction"},{"name":"WHO"},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000023","name":"Government of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000194","name":"United States Department of State","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"RHR TRIMS Project","award":["A66012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A66012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Pregnancy is characterized by complex immunological adaptations that may increase susceptibility to infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a crucial role in the immune response and has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Genetic variations in the IL6 gene, particularly single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region, can modulate IL-6 expression and potentially influence individual susceptibility to viral infections. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between promoter region IL6 gene polymorphisms and COVID-19 susceptibility, as well as the inflammatory response, in pregnant women. Methods: We enrolled in this study 204 pregnant women with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and 134 pregnant women with no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the past. Genotyping was conducted for the two functional SNPs in the IL6 promoter region, rs1800796 and rs1800797, via Sanger sequencing, and for associations with COVID-19 susceptibility and IL-6 levels were analyzed. Results: No significant association was found between IL6 polymorphisms and COVID-19, IL-6 levels, age, or immunization status. IL-6 levels &gt; 5 pg\/mL were more frequent in SARS-CoV-2-negative pregnant women than in SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant women (p = 0.032). Among vaccinated participants, IL-6 levels were significantly higher in SARS-CoV-2-negative pregnant women (p = 0.044), while no difference was observed in the unvaccinated group. Conclusions:IL6 polymorphisms rs1800797 and rs1800796 were not associated with infection susceptibility or IL-6 levels. These results highlight the complex immunological interplay between pregnancy, infection, and genetic background and support the need for further research in larger cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases14020048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T14:35:46Z","timestamp":1769783746000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of IL6 Gene Polymorphisms with COVID-19 Susceptibility and Inflammation in Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2630-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imene","family":"Ben Dhifallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory: \u201cVirus, Vector and Host\u201d (LR20IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center: 2016CICIPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0872-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaouther","family":"Ayouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory: \u201cVirus, Vector and Host\u201d (LR20IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghassen","family":"Kharroubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center: 2016CICIPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5187-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeineb","family":"Belaiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majdi","family":"Ben Ameur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henda","family":"Touzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Hammemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nesrine","family":"Abderahmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Sadraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2968-5085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaoula","family":"Magdoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology Emergency, Center of Maternity and Neonatology, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4175-8227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiba","family":"Mkadmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology Emergency, Center of Maternity and Neonatology, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samia","family":"Kacem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Center of Maternity and Neonatology, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Cheour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Center of Maternity and Neonatology, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hajer","family":"Chourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Center of Maternity and Neonatology, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rim","family":"Ben Hmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology Emergency, Center of Maternity and Neonatology, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Atef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Center of Maternity and Neonatology, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Neji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Center of Maternity and Neonatology, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Bedis","family":"Channoufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Center of Maternity and Neonatology, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emna","family":"Barkaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Mother and Child Protection Center, Avenue 2 Mars 1934, Ezzouhour, Tunis 2052, Tunisia"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Hematology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalenda","family":"Chelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Center of Maternity and Neonatology, Boulevard 9 Avril, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henda","family":"Triki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory: \u201cVirus, Vector and Host\u201d (LR20IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center: 2016CICIPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 15 Rue Djebel Lakhdhar, La Rabta, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2031-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariem","family":"Gdoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center: 2016CICIPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, July 11). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3320","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3320","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: Living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"370","author":"Allotey","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Yang, H., Ji, W., Wu, W., Chen, S., Zhang, W., and Duan, G. (2020). Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040372"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19","volume":"368","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4","article-title":"Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: A key role for monocytes and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Merad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: Interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2004-168","article-title":"COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs","volume":"50","author":"Tufan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118097","article-title":"The bio-mission of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19: A brief look at potential therapeutic tactics","volume":"257","author":"Abbasifard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2020.05.002","article-title":"Validation of predictors of disease severity and outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A descriptive and retrospective study","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2016-021","article-title":"Physiological changes in pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Tolppanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19124","article-title":"Association of SARS-CoV-2 Test Status and Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"324","author":"Ahlberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.supp.2020.37.1.27185","article-title":"Infection par le SARS-CoV-2 chez les femmes enceintes: S\u00e9rie tunisienne de 11 cas [SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women: A Tunisian series of 11 cases]","volume":"37","author":"Mrazguia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.06.012","article-title":"Targeting Cytokine Storm to Manage Patients with COVID-19: A Mini-Review","volume":"51","author":"Roshanravan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-061813-012806","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Macrophage Activation Syndrome and Potential for Cytokine-Directed Therapies","volume":"66","author":"Schulert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0041-7","article-title":"CAR T cell-induced cytokine release syndrome is mediated by macrophages and abated by IL-1 blockade","volume":"24","author":"Giavridis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crayne, C.B., Albeituni, S., Nichols, K.E., and Cron, R.Q. (2019). The Immunology of Macrophage Activation Syndrome. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00119"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-08-2997","article-title":"Macrophage activation syndrome: Characteristic findings on liver biopsy illustrating the key role of activated, IFN-gamma-producing lymphocytes and IL-6- and TNF-alpha-producing macrophages","volume":"105","author":"Billiau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0036-4","article-title":"Monocyte-derived IL-1 and IL-6 are differentially required for cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity due to CAR T cells","volume":"24","author":"Norelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: Causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"5823","article-title":"An immunochip-based interaction study of genetic variants in interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) confirms their roles in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"24","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363881","article-title":"Cytokine gene polymorphisms in human disease: On-line databases","volume":"3","author":"Haukim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harun-Or-Roshid, M., Ali, M.B., and Mollah, M.N.H. (2021). Statistical meta-analysis to investigate the association between the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene polymorphisms and cancer risk. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247055"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Lin, Y.X., Zha, Y., Sun, Y., Tian, J., Yang, Z., Lin, S.W., Yu, F., Chen, Z.S., and Kuang, B.H. (2021). A Low-Producing Haplotype of Interleukin-6 Disrupting CTCF Binding Is Protective against Severe COVID-19. mBio, 12.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01372-21"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.111278","article-title":"Associations of IL6 polymorphisms with lung function decline and COPD","volume":"64","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2629","article-title":"The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis","volume":"102","author":"Fishman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00459-7","article-title":"Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23008","article-title":"Genetic variation in Tunisia in the context of human diversity worldwide","volume":"161","author":"Cherni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155889","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between IL-6 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and the severity of COVID-19 in an Iranian population","volume":"154","author":"Falahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07863","article-title":"Host gene variability and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A review article","volume":"7","author":"Kaidashev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2141","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2141","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Coomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa449","article-title":"Detectable Serum Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Viral Load (RNAemia) Is Closely Correlated with Drastically Elevated Interleukin 6 Level in Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12421","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012421","article-title":"The role of interleukin-6 in monitoring severe case of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.041","article-title":"Clinical value of immune-inflammatory parameters to assess the severity of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Queiroz, M.A.F., Neves, P.F.M.D., Lima, S.S., Lopes, J.D.C., Torres, M.K.D.S., Vallinoto, I.M.V.C., Bichara, C.D.A., dos Santos, E.F., de Brito, M.T.F.M., and da Silva, A.L.S. (2022). Cytokine Profiles Associated with Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID-19 Syndrome. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.922422"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01086-z","article-title":"Increased interleukin-6 is associated with long COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17257","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17257","article-title":"Cytokine profiles of mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered pre-vaccinated individuals residing in Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Megasari","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kern, L., Mittenb\u00fchler, M.J., Vesting, A.J., Ostermann, A.L., Wunderlich, C.M., and Wunderlich, F.T. (2018). Obesity-Induced TNF\u03b1 and IL-6 Signaling: The Missing Link between Obesity and Inflammation-Driven Liver and Colorectal Cancers. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11010024"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.5.7735584","article-title":"Circulating interleukin-6 levels in patients with bronchial asthma","volume":"151","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01597-2016","article-title":"Interleukin-6 as a biomarker for asthma: Hype or is there something else?","volume":"48","author":"Poynter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800927","article-title":"Critical Adverse Impact of IL-6 in Acute Pneumovirus Infection","volume":"202","author":"Percopo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M.L., Wang, C.T., Yang, S.J., Leu, C.H., Chen, S.H., Wu, C.L., and Shiau, A.L. (2017). IL-6 ameliorates acute lung injury in influenza virus infection. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43829"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2022.2109407","article-title":"Association of the IL-6 gene rs1800796 polymorphism with recurrent pregnancy loss in a population of women from northwestern China: A case-control study","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12472","article-title":"Association of cytokine Th2 gene polymorphisms with autoimmune thyroid diseases in Tunisian population","volume":"47","author":"Mestiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-016-0127-9","article-title":"Relationships between Common and Novel Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Cervical Cancer: A Case-Control Study","volume":"23","author":"Zidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2020.101242","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphism of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 and interleukin-6 as risk factors for ovarian cancer","volume":"45","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13334","article-title":"Combined plasma levels of IL-10 and testosterone, but not soluble HLA-G5, predict the risk of death in COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Amodio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2018.64.10.9","article-title":"Polymorphisms in proinflammatory cytokine genes, effect on gene expression and association with preterm delivery in Saudi females","volume":"64","author":"Bhat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, B.R., Mendes, N.D., Tanikawa, A.A., Amador, M.A., dos Santos, N.P., dos Santos, S.E., Castelli, E.C., Witkin, S.S., and da Silva, M.G. (2016). Ancestry informative markers and selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in immunoregulatory genes on preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes: A case control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0823-1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2010.14467","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 promoter, TNF-\u03b1 promoter and IL-1RA gene polymorphisms and the risk of preterm delivery due to preterm premature rupture of membranes in a population of Polish women","volume":"6","author":"Bitner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gan078","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokine polymorphisms and the risk of preterm birth and low birthweight in a Japanese population","volume":"15","author":"Sata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitkauskaite, A., Celiesiute, J., Juseviciute, V., Jariene, K., Skrodeniene, E., Samuolyte, G., Nadisauskiene, R.J., and Vaitkiene, D. (2021). IL-6 597A\/G (rs1800797) and 174G\/C (rs1800795) Gene Polymorphisms in the Development of Cervical Cancer in Lithuanian Women. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57101025"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornish, E.F., Filipovic, I., \u00c5senius, F., Williams, D.J., and McDonnell, T. (2020). Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.572567"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omazi\u0107, J., Muller, A., Kadivnik, M., Kralik, K., Vidosavljevi\u0107, D., and Wagner, J. (2025). Inflammatory Markers and Genetic Variants in Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy Complications: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15172153"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadivnik, M., Ple\u010dko, D., Kralik, K., Arvaj, N., and Wagner, J. (2024). Role of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF\u03b1 Gene Variants in Preterm Birth. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.1262.v1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2018.01.011","article-title":"Interleukin-10 rs1800871 (-819C\/T) and ATA haplotype are associated with preeclampsia in a Tunisian population","volume":"11","author":"Raguema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."}],"container-title":["Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/14\/2\/48\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T05:20:17Z","timestamp":1769923217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/14\/2\/48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diseases14020048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases14020048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}}}