{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T15:14:01Z","timestamp":1771859641993,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Encephalitis and related acute encephalopathic syndromes represent severe neurological conditions with diverse etiologies and variable clinical outcomes. This study aimed to analyze nationwide hospitalization patterns for encephalitis-related diagnoses in Ecuador between 2018 and 2024. Methods: We used data from the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Census to estimate age-adjusted hospitalization and mortality rates according to ICD-10 codes. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were employed to identify sociodemographic factors and diagnostic categories of encephalitis associated with hospitalization and in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 1560 hospitalizations related to encephalitis-spectrum diagnoses were recorded, with an overall age-adjusted rate of 0.127 per 100,000 inhabitants and 6.0% in-hospital mortality. Unspecified encephalitis and encephalomyelitis were the most common diagnostic categories. Adolescents (10\u201319 years) were more frequently diagnosed with acute disseminated and bacterial meningoencephalitis, while patients aged \u226570 had higher odds of \u201cother\u201d encephalitis subtypes and the highest mortality risk (aOR = 0.265; 95% CI: 0.116\u20130.608). Indigenous individuals were more likely to be diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalitis, and Black individuals showed a higher risk for myelopathy associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy. Conclusions: Age and ethnicity significantly influence hospitalization due to encephalitis-related diagnoses in Ecuador. These findings provide epidemiological rates for a lower-middle\u2013income country where the lack of precise diagnosis, age, and ethnicity contribute to the vulnerability of encephalitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases14020082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:05:11Z","timestamp":1771855511000},"page":"82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nationwide Analysis of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Encephalitis-Related Diagnoses in Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9555-0392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karime","family":"Montes-Escobar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Funcionamiento de Agroecosistemas y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico\u2014FAGROCLIM, Departamento de Ciencias Agr\u00edcolas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"},{"name":"Departamento de Formaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico en Ingenier\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian Eduardo","family":"Ramirez-Veloz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1ticas y Estad\u00edstica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9687-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribel Cecilia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Pirela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1ticas y Estad\u00edstica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy Lincoln Sol\u00f3rzano","family":"Giler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix Vicente","family":"Zambrano Pico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1ticas y Estad\u00edstica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanny Soraya","family":"Reyes-Mena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Qu\u00edmica Ambiental, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulixis","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Qu\u00edmica Ambiental, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6692-7253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Siteneski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Viral encephalitis: A practical review on diagnostic approach and treatment","volume":"96","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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