{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T01:29:29Z","timestamp":1775438969544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an escalating global health burden, fundamentally altering morbidity and mortality trajectories across the world, particularly as it advances into end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Beyond the primary decline in renal filtration and excretion, a wide spectrum of endocrine and metabolic derangements frequently accompanies kidney failure, with thyroid dysfunction emerging as a critical complication. Methods: The current study was designed to rigorously evaluate the nuanced association between thyroid hormone dynamics\u2014specifically thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4)\u2014and renal status in three distinct cohorts: individuals with suspected thyroid issues but normal renal function (NPs), non-dialysis kidney disease patients (NDKPs), and patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (DPs). Data were collected from a clinical setting in Bangladesh, involving 161 subjects. Results: The results demonstrated that patients in the DP cohort exhibited slightly elevated thyroid hormone levels relative to those in the NDKP cohort. Specifically, within the subgroups of patients exhibiting normal or sub-reference hormonal levels, dialysis patients maintained higher concentrations than their non-dialysis counterparts. Demographic stratification further revealed that males, females, and individuals younger than 45 years were more likely to demonstrate restorative hormonal profiles in the DP group than in the NDKP group. Conclusions: These collective outcomes suggest that renal replacement therapy, specifically hemodialysis, may serve to stabilize or improve thyroid function in ESRD patients by potentially mitigating the suppressive effects of uremic toxins and normalizing homeostatic feedback loops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases14040128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T07:57:55Z","timestamp":1775116675000},"page":"128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hemodialysis Tends to Improve Thyroid Function by Restoring Hormone Levels in ESRD Patients Compared to Non-Dialysis Kidney Disease Patients: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6446-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasibul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4724-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahad Saif","family":"Khandker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anwara","family":"Khatun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9620-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Suez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alif Hasan","family":"Pranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Brac University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0023-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dewan Zubaer","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1510-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahima","family":"Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Nizam","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4008-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Ashraful","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Shah","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. N. M.","family":"Mamun-Or-Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuen, B.L., Bello, A.K., Levin, A., Lunney, M., Osman, M.A., Ye, F., Ashuntantang, G.E., Bellorin-Font, E., Gharbi, M.B., and Davison, S. (2023). National Health Policies and Strategies for Addressing Chronic Kidney Disease: Data from the International Society of Nephrology Global Kidney Health Atlas. PLoS Glob. 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