{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:27:27Z","timestamp":1785421647062,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan","award":["CSH-2023-C-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSH-2023-C-025"]}]},{"award":["CSH-2023-C-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSH-2023-C-025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01abtsn51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women, and metastasis is the leading cause of BC-related death. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a prerequisite for metastasis. This study examined the diagnostic and prognostic value of CTCs for assessing metastatic risk and recurrence in BC. Methods: The Chiline CATCH\u00ae Circulating Target Cell Enrichment System, an automated negative selection platform, was used to enrich and enumerate CTCs from the peripheral blood of patients with BC. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and cell-surface Vimentin (CSV) were used as markers for CTC identification. Results: CSV+ CTC counts, but not EpCAM+ CTC counts, were increased in patients with BC at higher metastatic risk. A cut-off of &gt;4.5 CSV+-CTCs\/2 mL blood yielded a sensitivity of 0.56 and specificity of 0.92 for identifying patients at high metastatic risk. CSV+-CTCs outperformed conventional serum tumor markers, including cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), in identifying patients with high metastatic risk, and their combined use further improved risk stratification. An elevated CSV+-CTC count (\u22655 cells\/2 mL blood) was significantly associated with worse progression-free survival in patients with BC. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CSV+-CTCs may serve as a biomarker for metastatic risk stratification and recurrence monitoring in BC when measured using an automated negative selection platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases14040130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:19:32Z","timestamp":1775434772000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Cell-Surface Vimentin Positive Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer Using an Automated Negative Selection Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ming-Hsin","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ju","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Good Future Biomedical Technology Corp., Taoyuan City 33377, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Good Future Biomedical Technology Corp., Taoyuan City 33377, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Good Future Biomedical Technology Corp., Taoyuan City 33377, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Shan","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Good Future Biomedical Technology Corp., Taoyuan City 33377, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Peng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Good Future Biomedical Technology Corp., Taoyuan City 33377, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Hsing","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Good Future Biomedical Technology Corp., Taoyuan City 33377, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2733-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Jen","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf148","article-title":"Understanding global variation in breast cancer mortality","volume":"98","author":"Elbasheer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2021.12.019","article-title":"Neoadjuvant approach in patients with early breast cancer: Patient assessment, staging, and planning","volume":"62","author":"Rubio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.11.016","article-title":"Early breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"35","author":"Loibl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhushan, A., Gonsalves, A., and Menon, J.U. (2021). Current State of Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Theranostics. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050723"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e235","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.21.00274","article-title":"Survival in the Real World: A National Analysis of Patients Treated for Early-Stage Breast Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Gidwani","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCO Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3233\/BD-1998-103-412","article-title":"Mammographic densities and breast cancer risk","volume":"10","author":"Boyd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Breast Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2251011667","article-title":"Comparison of the performance of screening mammography, physical examination, and breast US and evaluation of factors that influence them: An analysis of 27,825 patient evaluations","volume":"225","author":"Kolb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120621","article-title":"Screening US in patients with mammographically dense breasts: Initial experience with Connecticut Public Act 09-41","volume":"265","author":"Hooley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2010.06.002","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of mammography, MRI, and ultrasonography for breast cancer screening","volume":"48","author":"Feig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-016-1513-1","article-title":"Breast ultrasound image segmentation: A survey","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.181.1.1810177","article-title":"Using sonography to screen women with mammographically dense breasts","volume":"181","author":"Crystal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2392042127","article-title":"BI-RADS lexicon for US and mammography: Interobserver variability and positive predictive value","volume":"239","author":"Lazarus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2020.05.005","article-title":"Clinical utility of tumour marker velocity of cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in breast cancer surveillance","volume":"52","author":"Hing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr154","article-title":"Tumor markers in metastatic breast cancer subtypes: Frequency of elevation and correlation with outcome","volume":"23","author":"Yerushalmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01823-2","article-title":"Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, S., Dey, M.K., Devireddy, R., and Gartia, M.R. (2023). Biomarkers in Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24010037"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varzaru, V.B., Eftenoiu, A.E., Vlad, D.C., Vlad, C.S., Moatar, A.E., Popescu, R., and Cobec, I.M. (2024). The Influence of Tumor-Specific Markers in Breast Cancer on Other Blood Parameters. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040458"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"146","article-title":"A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death","volume":"14","author":"Ashworth","year":"1869","journal-title":"Australas. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201303698","article-title":"Biology, detection, and clinical implications of circulating tumor cells","volume":"7","author":"Joosse","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.16097","article-title":"Beyond blood: Advancing the frontiers of liquid biopsy in oncology and personalized medicine","volume":"115","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00536-4","article-title":"Biology, vulnerabilities and clinical applications of circulating tumour cells","volume":"23","author":"Ring","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-024-10267-5","article-title":"Clinical applications of circulating tumor cells in patients with solid tumors","volume":"41","author":"Smit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr.2020.01.17","article-title":"Strategies for enrichment of circulating tumor cells","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-026-00901-7","article-title":"Isolation and typing techniques for circulating tumor cells","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-022-00403-2","article-title":"Detection of circulating tumor cells: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"740","article-title":"Circulating tumor cells: Finding the needle in the haystack","volume":"1","author":"Zhe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1123.2021.07009","article-title":"Recent advances in isolation and detection of circulating tumor cells with a microfluidic system","volume":"40","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szerenyi, D., Jarvas, G., and Guttman, A. (2025). Multifaceted Approaches in Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-Mediated Circulating Tumor Cell Isolation. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30050976"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eslami, S.Z., Cortes-Hernandez, L.E., and Alix-Panabieres, C. (2020). Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule: An Anchor to Isolate Clinically Relevant Circulating Tumor Cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081836"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehtar, A., Wechsler, J., Desterke, C., Giron-Michel, J., Bouzidi, A., Burlion, A., Louache, F., Kahia-Tani, S., Uzan, G., and Naserian, S. (2025). Optimizing Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer: Unveiling New Markers for Clinical Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104714"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"109","article-title":"Circulating tumor cells and epithelial, mesenchymal and stemness markers: Characterization of cell subpopulations","volume":"2","author":"Barriere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.249706","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells: A Review of Non-EpCAM-Based Approaches for Cell Enrichment and Isolation","volume":"62","author":"Gabriel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.01.018","article-title":"A negative selection system PowerMag for effective leukocyte depletion and enhanced detection of EpCAM positive and negative circulating tumor cells","volume":"419","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-70","article-title":"Negative enrichment by immunomagnetic nanobeads for unbiased characterization of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood of cancer patients","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-024-00623-9","article-title":"Circulating tumor cells in early lobular versus ductal breast cancer and their associations with prognosis","volume":"10","author":"Alkhafaji","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H.A., Brown, S.R., and Kim, Y. (2020). Cellular Mechanisms of Circulating Tumor Cells During Breast Cancer Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145040"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Lin, X., Huang, Y., Wang, M., Cen, C., Tang, S., Dique, M.R., Cai, L., Luis, M.A., and Smollar, J. (2021). Detection Methods and Clinical Applications of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.652253"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabisiewicz, A., Szostakowska-Rodzos, M., Zaczek, A.J., and Grzybowska, E.A. (2020). Circulating Tumor Cells in Early and Advanced Breast Cancer; Biology and Prognostic Value. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051671"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0894","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transitioned circulating tumor cells capture for detecting tumor progression","volume":"21","author":"Satelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28910","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28910","article-title":"Potential role of nuclear PD-L1 expression in cell-surface vimentin positive circulating tumor cells as a prognostic marker in cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Satelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49329","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17632","article-title":"EMT circulating tumor cells detected by cell-surface vimentin are associated with prostate cancer progression","volume":"8","author":"Satelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12643","article-title":"Prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression on cell-surface vimentin-positive circulating tumor cells in gastric cancer patients","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.218205","article-title":"G6PD+CSV+ circulating tumor cells associated with portal vein tumor thrombus formation via EMT-ferroptosis crosstalk: A dual biomarker for therapeutic efficacy and prognosis prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"639","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-022-00681-w","article-title":"Application of circulating tumour cells to predict response to treatment in head and neck cancer","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dao, L., Ragoonanan, D., Batth, I., Satelli, A., Foglesong, J., Wang, J., Zaky, W., Gill, J.B., Liu, D., and Albert, A. (2021). Prognostic Value of Cell-Surface Vimentin-Positive CTCs in Pediatric Sarcomas. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.760267"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-1739","article-title":"Universal marker and detection tool for human sarcoma circulating tumor cells","volume":"74","author":"Satelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.1.294.294","article-title":"NB4 cells show bilineage potential and an aberrant pattern of neutrophil secondary granule protein gene expression","volume":"84","author":"Kolibaba","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374289519888754","DOI":"10.1177\/2374289519888754","article-title":"Educational Case: Hemolysis and Lipemia Interference with Laboratory Testing","volume":"6","author":"Krasowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-025-02822-w","article-title":"Influence of hemolysis, lipemia and bilirubin on biobank sample quality- origin and interference in the use for extracellular vesicle (EV) and MiRNA analyses","volume":"51","author":"Weber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.32607\/actanaturae.11010","article-title":"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Cancer Progression and the Perspectives of Antitumor Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Gaponova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Naturae"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01347-8","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of EMT in tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200710415","article-title":"Youden Index and optimal cut-point estimated from observations affected by a lower limit of detection","volume":"50","author":"Ruopp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biom. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2023.101720","article-title":"Current and emerging applications of liquid biopsy in pan-cancer","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e329","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.329","article-title":"Liquid biopsies for cancer: From bench to clinic","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91836-1_13","article-title":"Molecular Profiling of Liquid Biopsies for Precision Oncology","volume":"1361","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salu, P., and Reindl, K.M. (2024). Advancements in Circulating Tumor Cell Research: Bridging Biology and Clinical Applications. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.0086.v1"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3820","article-title":"Challenges in circulating tumour cell research","volume":"14","author":"Pantel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidlarova, M., Rehulkova, A., Stejskal, P., Prokopova, A., Slavik, H., Hajduch, M., and Srovnal, J. (2023). Recent Advances in Methods for Circulating Tumor Cell Detection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043902"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5011","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-1105","article-title":"Portable filter-based microdevice for detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81558","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18277","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, circulating tumor cells and cancer metastasis: Mechanisms and clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Jie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.228122","article-title":"Circulating tumor cell enumeration with a combination of epithelial cell adhesion molecule- and cell-surface vimentin-based methods for monitoring breast cancer therapeutic response","volume":"61","author":"Satelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.17294\/2330-0698.1017","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Prognostic and Predictive Marker","volume":"1","author":"Wisinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Patient Cent. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Ding, S., Huang, C., Pan, F., Liu, X., Zhang, H., Zhou, J., Liang, X., Wang, X., and Song, P. (2021). Distribution and Clinical Analysis of EpCAM+\/Vimentin+ Circulating Tumor Cells in High-Risk Population and Cancer Patients. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.642971"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29382","article-title":"Cell-surface Vimentin: A mislocalized protein for isolating csVimentin+ CD133\u2212 novel stem-like hepatocellular carcinoma cells expressing EMT markers","volume":"137","author":"Mitra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J., Xiao, J., Yang, Y., Chen, G., Hu, D., and Zeng, J. (2022). Strategies for five tumour markers in the screening and diagnosis of female breast cancer. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1055855"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tumor markers in the early detection of tumor recurrence in breast cancer patients: CA 125, CYFRA 21-1, HER2 shed antigen, LDH and CRP in combination with CEA and CA 15-3","volume":"461","author":"Blankenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00690183","article-title":"Use of serial carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 15.3 assays in detecting relapses in breast cancer patients","volume":"36","author":"Molina","year":"1995","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.15.6","article-title":"An individual reference limit for \u2018early\u2019 diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer during postoperative follow-up","volume":"9","author":"Nicolini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.1459","article-title":"Use of Biomarkers to Guide Decisions on Systemic Therapy for Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"33","author":"Somerfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14702","article-title":"Combined measurement of circulating tumor cell counts and serum tumor marker levels enhances the screening efficiency for malignant versus benign pulmonary nodules","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Wang, X., He, H., Liu, Z., Hu, J.F., and Li, W. (2015). Combination of circulating tumor cells with serum carcinoembryonic antigen enhances clinical prediction of non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126276"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaa113","article-title":"Serial Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer Receiving First-Line Chemotherapy","volume":"113","author":"Magbanua","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fridrichova, I., Kalinkova, L., and Ciernikova, S. (2022). Clinical Relevancy of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer: Epithelial or Mesenchymal Characteristics, Single Cells or Clusters?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012141"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-1587","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the prognostic value of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/14\/4\/130\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:35:29Z","timestamp":1775435729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/14\/4\/130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["diseases14040130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases14040130","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]}}}