{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:21:13Z","timestamp":1792790473127,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Diet is a potential modifiable risk factor for ulcerative colitis (UC). This study examined the associations of individual dietary components and combined dietary profiles with UC. Methods and Study Design: This case\u2013control study included 157 patients with UC and 395 controls. Dietary consumption frequencies were converted into ordinal scores ranging from 1 to 4. Participants were additionally classified into four dietary profiles based on combined levels of risk-promoting and protective food consumption. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Higher consumption of fast food (OR = 5.30, 95% CI: 3.65, 7.70), carbonated soft drinks (OR = 9.37, 95% CI: 5.78, 15.18), and spicy food (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.01) was positively associated with UC. Dairy consumption was inversely associated with UC (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.82). In sex-stratified analyses, vegetable consumption was inversely associated with UC among women only. Compared with participants with high risk-promoting\/low protective food consumption, those with low risk-promoting\/low protective food consumption (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.21) and those with low risk-promoting\/high protective food consumption (OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.17) had substantially lower odds of UC. The high risk-promoting\/high protective food consumption was not associated with UC. Conclusions: Frequent consumption of fast food, carbonated soft drinks, and spicy food was associated with higher odds of UC, whereas dairy consumption was associated with lower odds. Lower consumption of risk-promoting foods, irrespective of protective food consumption, was associated with substantially lower odds of UC. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases14080297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:08:41Z","timestamp":1787040521000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of Dietary Components and Combined Dietary Profiles with Ulcerative Colitis: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haytham A.","family":"Sheerah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration Department at Chief Executive Office, Public Health Authority, Riyadh 13351, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Population Health Deputyship, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rola A.","family":"Jalloun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8109-9273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mudi H.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haneen N.","family":"Molla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Department, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5512-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amnah N.","family":"Yamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar A.","family":"Alqadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Deputyship, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Global Health Division, Public Health Authority, Riyadh 13351, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Asiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aseer Cluster Health, Ministry of Health, Aseer 62523, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norah F.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality Outcomes Department, Ministry of Health, Aseer 62523, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazeed M.","family":"Alsaedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banan H.","family":"Mekwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deputyship for Therapeutic Services, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Almofarreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Investment Deputyship, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S65979","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical aspects and treatments","volume":"7","author":"Fakhoury","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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