{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:02:11Z","timestamp":1789470131851,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), non-motor symptoms especially anxiety represent a significant and underappreciated burden. Despite the lack of particular validation in this demographic, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is widely used in clinical and research contexts. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 200 Parkinson\u2019s disease patients (mean age 62.77 \u00b1 8.32 years; 118 men and 82 females) was conducted. The Hoehn &amp; Yahr (H&amp;Y) scale was used to grade motor severity, whereas the HAM-A was used to measure anxiety. Results: Of the patients, 52.5% of people (n = 105; mean score 13.85 \u00b1 6.09) had anxiety (HAM-A \u2265 14). Age (r = 0.032; p = 0.657), disease duration (r = 0.115; p = 0.105), H&amp;Y stage (r = \u22120.073; p = 0.305), and sex (p = 0.856) did not significantly correlate with the HAM-A score. Conclusion: Although the HAM-A shows a high incidence of anxiety in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), its consistent lack of connection with clinical illness markers raises serious concerns about construct validity, which are probably caused by somatic item overlap. It is best to use disease-specific tools like the GAD-7 or Parkinson Anxiety Scale (PAS).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases14090338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:31:57Z","timestamp":1789464717000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High HAM-A-Detected Prevalence of Anxiety in Parkinson\u2019s Disease, but No Correlation with Severity of Motor Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3153-9318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaoula","family":"Elcadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Experimental and Environmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Marrakech, Cadi Ayaad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oussama","family":"Cherkaoui Rhazouani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Military Hospital Avicenne, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Marrakech Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nissrine","family":"Louhab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mohammed VI University Medical Center, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najib","family":"Kissani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mohammed VI University Medical Center, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Chraa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mohammed VI University Medical Center, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Parkinson\u2019s Disease Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol., 17, 939\u2013953."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"S3","article-title":"The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70373-8","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Diagnosis and management","volume":"5","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"S40","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Part 1\u2014Pathophysiology, symptoms, burden, diagnosis, and assessment","volume":"14","author":"Weintraub","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22611","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety disorders and anxiety subtypes in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Pontone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26643","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Broen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22833","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Prevalence and risk factors","volume":"25","author":"Dissanayaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x","article-title":"The assessment of anxiety states by rating","volume":"32","author":"Hamilton","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br. J. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22233","article-title":"Anxiety rating scales in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Critique and recommendations","volume":"23","author":"Leentjens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25937","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of anxiety in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Dissanayaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2022.02.004","article-title":"Phenomenology of atypical anxiety disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Dissanayaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehgoetz Martens, K.A., Ellard, C.G., and Almeida, Q.J. (2014). Does anxiety cause freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease?. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106561"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427","article-title":"Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality","volume":"17","author":"Hoehn","year":"1967","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8384-9","article-title":"The relevance of gender in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review","volume":"264","author":"Picillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27602","article-title":"Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014An evidence-based medicine review","volume":"34","author":"Seppi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23528","article-title":"Symptomatology and markers of anxiety disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"Leentjens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21803","article-title":"A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Reijnders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25919","article-title":"The Parkinson Anxiety Scale (PAS): Development and validation of a new anxiety scale","volume":"29","author":"Leentjens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"100126","article-title":"Change in the Parkinson Anxiety Scale correlates with change in other clinical measures of anxiety over time","volume":"6","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"First, M.B., Williams, J.B.W., Karg, R.S., and Spitzer, R.L. (2016). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders\u2014Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV), American Psychiatric Association."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.017","article-title":"Non-motor Parkinson\u2019s and future directions","volume":"134","author":"Titova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23664","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: The quintessential neuropsychiatric disorder","volume":"26","author":"Weintraub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23462","article-title":"The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Kurtis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."}],"container-title":["Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/14\/9\/338\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:02:41Z","timestamp":1789466561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/14\/9\/338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["diseases14090338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases14090338","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}