{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:08:34Z","timestamp":1790010514404,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Oradea","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wzhv093","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wzhv093","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Diabetes self-management is essential for type 2 diabetes care, but cross-sectional associations may be distorted when questionnaire scores are incorrectly derived or converted into arbitrary categories. We evaluated clinical and sociodemographic correlates of the continuous Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) total score in a secondary analysis of an outpatient clinical database. Methods: The analysis included 262 adults with type 2 diabetes recruited between 1 November 2025 and 1 May 2026. DSMQ total and subscale scores were independently recalculated from the 16 item-level responses using the published scoring algorithm. The primary analysis retained the DSMQ score as a continuous outcome. The database provided a participant-level count of documented glucose measurements &gt; 250 mg\/dL. This operational count was not treated as a standardized clinical event or severity category; individual measurement timestamps, participant-specific observation duration, and the total number of glucose measurements were unavailable. Results: The recalculated DSMQ score was 5.26 \u00b1 2.35 (median 5.10; interquartile range 3.12\u20137.08). Among 261 participants with an interpretable sex code, 144 (55.2%) were women. In univariable analyses, lower DSMQ scores were concurrently associated with longer diabetes duration, a higher recorded severe-hyperglycemia count, higher HbA1c, and higher fasting glucose. In the adjusted model (n = 261), the recorded severe-hyperglycemia count remained negatively associated with DSMQ score (adjusted coefficient \u22120.412 points per recorded episode; 95% confidence interval \u22120.621 to \u22120.203; p &lt; 0.001). Individualized versus hospital-based education was not independently associated with the corrected score. A beta-regression sensitivity analysis produced a concordant direction of association (coefficient \u22120.152 on the logit mean scale; p &lt; 0.001). The linear model explained 17.2% of observed variance (adjusted R2 = 0.136), with an optimism-corrected R2 of 0.099. Conclusions: The recorded severe-hyperglycemia count was a concurrent correlate of lower DSMQ score. Because the study is cross-sectional and glucose-measurement counts were preaggregated without observation-time or monitoring-frequency data, the findings do not establish temporal direction, causality, or individual-level clinical prediction. Item-level score verification and continuous-outcome analysis materially changed the interpretation of the dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases14090348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:06:51Z","timestamp":1790006811000},"page":"348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Correlates of Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Paula-Alexandra","family":"Popovici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Andreea Diana","family":"Igna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bianca-L\u0103crimioara","family":"Petca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timea Claudia","family":"Ghitea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mihaela Simona","family":"Popoviciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06617-x","article-title":"Improving medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: Strategies for better clinical and economic outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Highton","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14603","article-title":"Adherence to and persistence with antidiabetic medications and associations with clinical and economic outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic literature review","volume":"24","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. 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