{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:30:48Z","timestamp":1782538248257,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]],"date-time":"2017-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Opportunistic infections of the gastrointestinal tract are well-documented complications of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, concomitant infection by Histoplasma and cytomegalovirus has been described rarely. We present the case of an HIV patient with a CD4 count of 20 cells\/uL who was admitted with odynophagia and weight loss. Endoscopic evaluation revealed ulcerations in the esophagus and colon, and a mass formation in cecum. Histology revealed budding yeasts in the cecum and a transverse colon consistent with Histoplasma. Urine Histoplasma antigen was positive. Esophageal tissue disclosed viral cytopathic changes. Immunostaining was positive for cytomegalovirus in the esophagus and transverse colon. The patient was started on appropriate antifungal and antiviral treatment with complete resolution of his symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the fifth case of Histoplasma and cytomegalovirus co-infection of the gastrointestinal tract in a patient with AIDS. We also review the literature for similar cases in regards to clinical presentation and the type of gastrointestinal involvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases5040030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]],"date-time":"2017-12-08T11:37:40Z","timestamp":1512733060000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Histoplasma and Cytomegalovirus Coinfection of the Gastrointestinal Tract in a Patient with AIDS: A Case Report and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2768-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Gonzales Zamora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine. Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3279-3116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boaitey, Y.A., Nkrumah, B., Idriss, A., and Tay, S.C. (2012). Gastrointestinal and urinary tract pathogenic infections among HIV seropositive patients at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Ghana. BMC Res. Notes, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-454"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.01.015","article-title":"Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Report of 18 cases and literature review","volume":"55","author":"Assi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199011000-00004","article-title":"Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature","volume":"69","author":"Wheat","year":"1990","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.6.1223","article-title":"Incidence and natural history of cytomegalovirus disease in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease treated with zidovudine. The Zidovudine Epidemiology Study Group","volume":"166","author":"Gallant","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1086\/318485","article-title":"Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS: Case report and review","volume":"32","author":"Suh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-005-5050-z","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of CMV disease in HIV-infected patients before and after introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"33","author":"Salzberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2010.06.007","article-title":"Opportunistic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in the age of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"41","author":"Huppmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.5858\/2001-125-1042-THOCCB","article-title":"The histopathology of 103 consecutive colonoscopy biopsies from 82 symptomatic patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Original and look-back diagnoses","volume":"125","author":"Orenstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. 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Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2016.05.046","article-title":"Massive gastrointestinal bleeding in AIDS patients secondary to histoplasma and cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"25","author":"Bruno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."}],"container-title":["Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/5\/4\/30\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:53:08Z","timestamp":1760208788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9721\/5\/4\/30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diseases5040030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases5040030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]]}}}