{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T06:13:46Z","timestamp":1782022426059,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria remains the biggest threat to public health, especially among pregnant women and young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is critical for effective case management and detection of drug resistance. Conventionally, microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are the tools of choice for malaria diagnosis. RDTs are simple to use and have been extensively used in the diagnosis of malaria among travelers to malaria-endemic regions, routine case management, and surveillance studies. Most RDTs target the histidine-rich protein (PfHRP) which is exclusively found in Plasmodium falciparum and a metabolic enzyme Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) which is common among all Plasmodium species. Other RDTs incorporate the enzyme aldolase that is produced by all Plasmodium species. Recently, studies have reported false-negative RDTs primarily due to the deletion of the histidine-rich protein (pfhrp2 and pfhrp3) genes in field isolates of P. falciparum. Herein, we review published literature to establish pfhrp2\/pfhrp3 deletions, the extent of these deletions in different geographical regions, and the implication in malaria control. We searched for publications on pfhrp2\/pfhrp3 deletions and retrieved all publications that reported on this subject. Overall, 20 publications reported on pfhrp2\/pfhrp3 deletions, and most of these studies were done in Central and South America, with very few in Asia and Africa. The few studies in Africa that reported on the occurrence of pfhrp2\/pfhrp3 deletions rarely evaluated deletions on the flanking genes. More studies are required to evaluate the existence and extent of these gene deletions, whose presence may lead to delayed or missed treatment. This information will guide appropriate diagnostic approaches in the respective areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases8020015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T10:37:38Z","timestamp":1589971058000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein 2 and 3 Gene Deletions and Their Implications in Malaria Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Josphat","family":"Nyataya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Laboratory, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Waitumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Laboratory, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor A.","family":"Mobegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Noreddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Sharjah Medical Research Institute, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1056-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"El Zowalaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Sharjah Medical Research Institute, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE"},{"name":"Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Dises Control and Prevention (2018). 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