{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:39:04Z","timestamp":1787027944500,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infections frequently complicate the treatment course in children with hematologic malignancies undergoing chemotherapy. Febrile neutropenia (FN) remains a major cause of hospital admissions in this population, and respiratory tract is often proven to be the site of infection even without respiratory signs and symptoms. Clinical presentation may be subtle due to impaired inflammatory response. Common respiratory viruses and bacteria are widely identified in these patients, while fungi and, less commonly, bacteria are the causative agents in more severe cases. A detailed history, thorough clinical and basic laboratory examination along with a chest radiograph are the first steps in the evaluation of a child presenting signs of a pulmonary infection. After stratifying patient\u2019s risk, prompt initiation of the appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment is crucial and efficient for the majority of the patients. High-risk children should be treated with an intravenous antipseudomonal beta lactam agent, unless there is suspicion of multi-drug resistance when an antibiotic combination should be used. In unresponsive cases, more invasive procedures, including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), computed tomography (CT)-guided fine-needle aspiration or open lung biopsy (OLB), are recommended. Overall mortality rate can reach 20% with higher rates seen in cases unresponsive to initial therapy and those under mechanical ventilation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases8030032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T09:22:31Z","timestamp":1597828951000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pulmonary Infectious Complications in Children with Hematologic Malignancies and Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Voulgaridou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Kavala, Agios Syllas, GR-655 00 Kavala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0811-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kleoniki I.","family":"Athanasiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eftychia","family":"Athanasiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, 424 General Military Hospital, Ring Road, Efkarpia, GR-564 29 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0202-364X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Roilides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Konstantinoupoleos 49, GR-546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgenia","family":"Papakonstantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Oncology Department, Hippokration Hospital, Konstantinoupoleos 49, GR-546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21219","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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