{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:43:29Z","timestamp":1782780209422,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Suspicion of failure in the effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapies (currently the first-line treatment of malaria, worldwide) is leading to the unofficial use of alternative antimalarials, including chloroquine and sulfadoxine\/pyrimethamine, across northern Nigeria. To facilitate evidence-based resistance management, antimalarial resistance mutations were investigated in Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance-1 (pfmdr1) and chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt), in isolates from Kano, northwestern Nigeria. Out of the 88 samples genotyped for pfmdr1 N86Y mutation using PCR\/restriction fragment length polymorphism, one sample contained the 86Y mutation (86Yfrequency = 1.14%). The analysis of 610 bp fragments of pfmdr1 from 16 isolates revealed two polymorphic sites and low haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.492), with only 86 Y mutations in one isolate, and 184 F replacements in five isolates (184Ffrequency = 31.25%). The analysis of 267 bp fragments of pfcrt isolates revealed high polymorphism (Hd = 0.719), with six haplotypes and seven non-synonymous polymorphic sites. Eleven isolates (61.11%) were chloroquine-resistant, CQR (C72V73I74E75T76 haplotype), two of which had an additional mutation, D57E. An additional sequence was CQR, but of the C72V73M74E75T76 haplotype, while the rest of the sequences (33.33%) were chloroquine susceptible (C72V73M74N75K76 haplotype). The findings of these well characterized resistance markers should be considered when designing resistance management strategies in the northwestern Nigeria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases9010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T21:58:36Z","timestamp":1609797516000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Polymorphism Analysis of pfmdr1 and pfcrt from Plasmodium falciparum Isolates in Northwestern Nigeria Revealed the Major Markers Associated with Antimalarial Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ruqayya","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutsinma, Katsina PMB 5001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0754-3740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad M.","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar F.","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department, Public Health and Diagnostic Institute, Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kwanar Dawaki, Kano PMB 3220, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajara A.","family":"Damudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullahi","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria"},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine LSTM, Pembroke Place L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0744-802X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulaiman S.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria"},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine LSTM, Pembroke Place L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2019). 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