{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:28:40Z","timestamp":1790389720268,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cleft lip and palate are common congenital pathologies that affect the human population worldwide. The formation of cleft lip is associated with multiple genes and their coded proteins, which regulate the development of craniofacial region, but the exact role of these factors is not always clear. The use of morphological studies for evaluation of human cleft-affected tissue has been limited because of insufficiency of available pathological material. The aim of this study was to detect and compare the immunohistochemical expression of cleft candidate gene coded proteins (DLX4, MSX2, HOXB3, SHH, PAX7, SOX3, WNT3A, and FOXE1) in the non-syndromic unilateral cleft lip patient tissue and control group tissue. A semiquantitative counting method was used to evaluate the tissue in biotin-streptavidin-stained slides. Statistically significant differences between the patient and control groups were found for the number of immunoreactive structures for SHH (p = 0.019) and FOXE1 (p = 0.011) in the connective tissue and SOX3 (p = 0.012) in the epithelium. Multiple statistically significant very strong and strong correlations were found between the immunoreactives in cleft-affected tissue. These significant differences and various correlations indicate that multiple morphopathogenetic pathways are possibly involved in unilateral cleft lip pathogenesis. Therefore, we further discuss these possible interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases9020026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T21:49:06Z","timestamp":1617832146000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cleft Candidate Genes and Their Products in Human Unilateral Cleft Lip Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161","family":"Vaivads","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilze","family":"Akota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Cleft Lip and Palate Centre, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, 20 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9804-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u0101ra","family":"Pilmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2013.00053","article-title":"Cleft Lip\u2014A Comprehensive Review","volume":"1","author":"Shkoukani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. 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