{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:53:24Z","timestamp":1760151204450,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rijeka","award":["uniri-biomed-18-65"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["uniri-biomed-18-65"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biological therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) carries an increased risk for the development of opportunistic infections due to immunomodulation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and types of oral infections in IBD patients treated with biological (anti-TNF-\u03b1 and anti-integrin-\u03b14\u03b27) and conventional medication protocols. The study included 20 IBD patients receiving anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy, 20 IBD patients receiving anti-integrin-\u03b14\u03b27 therapy and 20 IBD patients without immunomodulatory therapy. Participants completed questionnaires on medical information, oral lesions and symptoms. For each patient, clinical examination and a salivary flow rate test were performed, followed by a swab of the oral mucosa. The swab samples were cultured to identify Candida spp. and oral bacteria. No bacterial opportunistic infections were detected. Candidiasis was detected in four participants, with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.765). Hyposalivation was most common in the anti-TNF-\u03b1 group, with a significant difference between groups (p = 0.036). There were no significant differences between groups in self-reported oral mucosal lesions and symptoms (p &gt; 0.05), or in the distribution of oral mucosal lesions (p &gt; 0.05). This study suggests that IBD patients receiving biological therapy are at no greater risk of developing oral opportunistic infections than IBD patients not receiving immunomodulatory therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10030032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T09:34:38Z","timestamp":1645608878000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Absence of Oral Opportunistic Infections in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Receiving Anti-TNF-\u03b1 and Anti-Integrin-\u03b14\u03b27 Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ema","family":"Saltovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Dental Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brankica","family":"Mijandru\u0161i\u0107-Sin\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20\/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alen","family":"Braut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Dental Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3643-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"\u0160krobonja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Sever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3794-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Gla\u017ear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Dental Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Pezelj-Ribari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Dental Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1874-9293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda","family":"Muhvi\u0107-Urek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Dental Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.12.013","article-title":"Second European evidence-based consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Rahier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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