{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:01:24Z","timestamp":1792522884364,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The purpose of the study was to investigate the accuracy of mini-implant placement with the use of a computer designed surgical guide derived by intraoral scanning alongside Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) or the use of a 2D radiograph. Methods: Thirty-five mini-implants (Aarhus\u00ae System: n = 20, \u00d8: 1.5 mm and AbsoAnchor\u00ae: n = 15, \u00d8: 1.3\u20131.4 mm) were placed in the maxilla and mandible of 15 orthodontic patients for anchorage purposes in cases where a CBCT was needed due to impacted teeth or for safety reasons. All were placed with the help of a computer designed surgical guide. One implant became loose and was excluded from the study. For 18 mini-implants (study group), CBCT and intraoral scanning were used for guide design, while for 16 (control group) only intraoral scanning and panoramic imaging information were used. Mini-implant position was recorded by angular and linear measurements on digital models created by combining Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) and stereolithography (.stl) files. Accuracy in positioning was determined by comparing corresponding measurements for virtual and real positioned mini-implants on digital models before and after operation. The results were statistically analyzed with t-tests and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: No significant statistical differences were found for pre- and post-operational angular measurements in the study group, while significant statistical differences occurred on the same measurements for the control group (coronal angle 13.6\u00b0 pre-op and 22.7\u00b0 post-op, p-value = 0.002, axial angle 13.4\u00b0 pre-op and 15.9\u00b0 post-op, p-value = 0.034). Linear measurements pre- and post-operational for either group presented no significant statistical differences. Conclusions: A 3D designed and manufactured surgical guide with information concerning CBCT and intraoral scanning ensures accuracy on mini-implant placement while design of the guide without the use of a CBCT is less accurate, especially on inclination of the implant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10060104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:22:39Z","timestamp":1654820559000},"page":"104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Accuracy of Mini-Implant Placement Using a Computer-Aided Designed Surgical Guide, with Information of Intraoral Scan and the Use of a Cone-Beam CT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Vasoglou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, 401 General Military Hospital, 138 Mesogeion Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Stefanidaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Orthodontic Practice, 74 Mantzagriotaki Str, Kallithea, 17676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Apostolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontics Department, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evmorfia","family":"Fotakidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, 401 General Military Hospital, 138 Mesogeion Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Vasoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennardo, F., Barone, S., Vocaturo, C., Nucci, L., Antonelli, A., and Giudice, A. (2022). Usefulness of Magnetic Mallet in Oral Surgery and Implantology: A Systematic Review. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12010108"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"763","article-title":"Mini-implant for orthodontic anchorage","volume":"31","author":"Kanomi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"201","article-title":"Miniscrews as orthodontic anchorage: A preliminary report","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Adult Orthod. Orthognath. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2000.110636","article-title":"Endosseous titanium implants as anchors for mesiodistal tooth movement in the beagle dog","volume":"118","author":"Saito","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0544.2000.030105.x","article-title":"Immediate loading of implants used for orthodontic anchorage","volume":"3","author":"Melsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Orthod. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"321","article-title":"Development of orthodontic micro-implants for intraoral anchorage","volume":"37","author":"Kyung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.06.019","article-title":"Influence of cortical bone thickness and implant length on implant stability at the time of surgery-clinical, prospective, biomechanical, and imaging study","volume":"37","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.2319\/100707-484.1","article-title":"Insertion angle impact on primary stability of orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"78","author":"Wilmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"191","article-title":"\u201cSafe zones\u201d: A guide for miniscrew positioning in the maxillary and mandibular arch","volume":"76","author":"Poggio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2005.01211.x","article-title":"Recommended placement torque when tightening an orthodontic mini-implant","volume":"17","author":"Motoyoshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"720","article-title":"Template fabrication for a midpalatal orthodontic implant: Technical note","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"317","article-title":"Surgical guide for optimal positioning of mini-implants","volume":"39","author":"Morea","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjq012","article-title":"Accurate pre-surgical determination for self-drilling miniscrew implant placement using surgical guides and cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"32","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"224","article-title":"A Simplified Stent for anterior miniscrew insertion","volume":"41","author":"Kravitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felicita, A.S. (2013). A simple three-dimensional stent for proper placement of mini-implant. Prog. Orthod., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/2196-1042-14-45"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.08.047","article-title":"Accuracy of miniscrew implant placement with a 3-dimensional surgical guide","volume":"66","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"264","article-title":"A stent fabricated on a selectively colored stereolithographic model for placement of orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"17","author":"Kitai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Adult Orthodon. Orthognath. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"571","article-title":"Accuracy of implant placement with a stereolithographic surgical guide","volume":"18","author":"Sarment","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.01.027","article-title":"Surgical positioning of orthodontic mini implants with guides fabricated on models replicated with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"131","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Liu, D.X., Wang, G., Wang, C.L., and Zhao, Z. (2010). Accuracy of surgical positioning of orthodontic miniscrews with a computer-aided design and manufacturing template. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.12.025"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2319\/060811-374.1","article-title":"Accuracy of a cone beam computed tomography\u2013guided surgical stent for orthodontic mini-implant placement","volume":"82","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalra, S., Tripathi, T., Rai, P., and Kanase, A. (2014). Evaluation of orthodontic mini-implant placement: A CBCT study. Prog. Orthod., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-014-0061-x"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2319\/042214-298.1","article-title":"A comparative study between currently used methods and small volume-cone beam tomography for surgical placement of mini-implants","volume":"85","author":"Landin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2319\/033111-231.1","article-title":"Accuracy of orthodontic miniscrew implantation guided by stereolithographic surgical stent based on cone-beam CT-derived 3D images","volume":"82","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.02.018","article-title":"Accuracy of miniscrew surgical guides assessed from cone-beam computed tomography and digital models","volume":"143","author":"Bae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.T., Yu, J.H., Lo, L.J., Hsu, P.H., and Lin, C.L. (2017). Developing Customized Dental Miniscrew Surgical Template from Thermoplastic Polymer Material Using Image Superimposition, CAD System, and 3D Printing. BioMed Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1906197"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2016-312","article-title":"Customized surgical template fabrication under biomechanical consideration by integrating CBCT image, CAD system and finite element analysis","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2011.07.902","article-title":"Mini-implant insertion based on tooth crown references: A guide-free technique","volume":"41","author":"Estelita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.07.018","article-title":"Accuracy of a chairside intraoral scanner compared with a laboratory scanner for the completely edentulous maxilla: An in vitro 3-dimensional comparative analysis","volume":"124","author":"Zarone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapila, S.D., and Nervina, J.M. (2015). CBCT in orthodontics: Assessment of treatment outcomes and indications for its use. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol., 44.","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20140282"}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/10\/6\/104\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:26:29Z","timestamp":1760138789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/10\/6\/104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["dj10060104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj10060104","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]}}}