{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:37:45Z","timestamp":1789565865868,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":704,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P005381\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P005381\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V007785\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V007785\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/W009412\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W009412\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRR00060-DF02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRR00060-DF02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRR00060-DF03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRR00060-DF03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical Science Divisions, University of Oxford","award":["EP\/P005381\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P005381\/1"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science Divisions, University of Oxford","award":["EP\/V007785\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V007785\/1"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science Divisions, University of Oxford","award":["EP\/W009412\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W009412\/1"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science Divisions, University of Oxford","award":["BRR00060-DF02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRR00060-DF02"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science Divisions, University of Oxford","award":["BRR00060-DF03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRR00060-DF03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hard dental tissues possess a complex hierarchical structure that is particularly evident in enamel, the most mineralised substance in the human body. Its complex and interlinked organisation at the \u00c5ngstrom (crystal lattice), nano-, micro-, and macro-scales is the result of evolutionary optimisation for mechanical and functional performance: hardness and stiffness, fracture toughness, thermal, and chemical resistance. Understanding the physical\u2013chemical\u2013structural relationships at each scale requires the application of appropriately sensitive and resolving probes. Synchrotron X-ray techniques offer the possibility to progress significantly beyond the capabilities of conventional laboratory instruments, i.e., X-ray diffractometers, and electron and atomic force microscopes. The last few decades have witnessed the accumulation of results obtained from X-ray scattering (diffraction), spectroscopy (including polarisation analysis), and imaging (including ptychography and tomography). The current article presents a multi-disciplinary review of nearly 40 years of discoveries and advancements, primarily pertaining to the study of enamel and its demineralisation (caries), but also linked to the investigations of other mineralised tissues such as dentine, bone, etc. The modelling approaches informed by these observations are also overviewed. The strategic aim of the present review was to identify and evaluate prospective avenues for analysing dental tissues and developing treatments and prophylaxis for improved dental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11040098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T05:57:50Z","timestamp":1681106270000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Synchrotron X-ray Studies of the Structural and Functional Hierarchies in Mineralised Human Dental Enamel: A State-of-the-Art Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Cyril","family":"Besnard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Marie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisini","family":"Sasidharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9689-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Landini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3558-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Korsunsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515602879","article-title":"Global Economic Impact of Dental Diseases","volume":"94","author":"Listl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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