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disease that causes the alteration of the structure of dental tissues by acid dissolution (in enamel, dentine and cementum) and proteolytic degradation (dentine and cementum) and generates an important cost of care. There is a need to visualise and characterise the acid dissolution process on enamel due to its hierarchical structure leading to complex structural modifications. The process starts at the enamel surface and progresses into depth, which necessitates the study of the internal enamel structure. Artificial demineralisation is usually employed to simulate the process experimentally. In the present study, the demineralisation of human enamel was studied using surface analysis carried out with atomic force microscopy as well as 3D internal analysis using synchrotron X-ray tomography during acid exposure with repeated scans to generate a time-lapse visualisation sequence. Two-dimensional analysis from projections and virtual slices and 3D analysis of the enamel mass provided details of tissue changes at the level of the rods and inter-rod substance. In addition to the visualisation of structural modifications, the rate of dissolution was determined, which demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of these techniques. The temporal analysis of enamel demineralisation is not limited to dissolution and can be applied to other experimental conditions for the analysis of treated enamel or remineralisation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11050130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T01:40:02Z","timestamp":1683682802000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Time-Lapse In Situ 3D Imaging Analysis of Human Enamel Demineralisation Using X-ray Synchrotron Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Cyril","family":"Besnard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Marie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sisini","family":"Sasidharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shashidhara","family":"Marathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamond Light Source Ltd., Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Moffat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Instruments Asylum Research, High Wycombe HP12 3SE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9689-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Landini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3558-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Korsunsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fejerskov, O., and Kidd, E.A.M. 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