{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:15:37Z","timestamp":1787958937263,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a significant health problem that can affect the child\u2019s quality of life by negatively affecting their esthetics and function. This review aimed to summarize the etiology and pathogenesis of MIH. It also aimed to summarize the recent studies on MIH in children and adolescents, focusing on diagnosis, prevention, and clinical management. An electronic search on the PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, MedlinePlus, WHO reports, and Google Scholar databases was performed. The volume of research on the etiology, presentation, and clinical management of MIH is still expanding. The creation and validation of indices for the diagnosis and management of MIH, as well as any potential genetic aspects appear to be the main areas of current research. Notably, MIH was linked to childhood illnesses, the use of antibiotics, and early childhood fever. Although many studies discuss the different options for managing MIH lesions, evidence-based studies that address the long-term outcomes of MIH are still lacking. Indeed, future clinical studies should be directed to evaluate the impact of each systemic etiological factor and its different types of management on normal amelogenesis. Regarding the diagnosis, future research should focus on the pre-eruption diagnosis and early approaches to prevent the post-eruption breakdown and caries. Regarding the treatment of MIH, future investigations should emphasize further improvements in adhesion and the use of new materials and techniques, such as digital dentistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11070157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T02:05:02Z","timestamp":1687745102000},"page":"157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Contemporary Understanding of the Etiology and Management of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1376-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Yahya","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry, Taif Dental Centre, Ministry of Health, Taif 26511, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najlaa Mohammed Hussain","family":"Alamoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-6374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar Abd El Sadek","family":"El Meligy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2018.814","article-title":"Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH)\u2014An overview","volume":"225","author":"Almuallem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-020-00556-4","article-title":"Molar-incisor hypomineralization: Parent\u2019s and children\u2019s impact perceptions on the oral health-related quality of life","volume":"22","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. 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