{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:03:19Z","timestamp":1783576999957,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helsinki University Central Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This retrospective study addressed the role of oral potentially malignant disorders and the presence of intraepithelial Candida hyphae in the carcinogenesis of the oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma and its association with smoking, alcohol consumption, and oral inflammatory burden. The medical records of 183 subjects diagnosed with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma at the Helsinki University Hospital were investigated. Preceding oral lichen planus, lichenoid reaction, and leukoplakia diagnosis were recorded. Further, the data on Candida hyphae in histological samples as an indicator of oral candidiasis, oral inflammatory burden, smoking, and alcohol consumption were recorded and analyzed. The histopathological diagnosis of oral lichen planus\/lichenoid reaction (p &lt; 0.001) and the presence of Candida hyphae (p = 0.005) were associated significantly with female gender. Oral lichen planus\/lichenoid reaction patients were less often smokers than patients without these lesions. Candida hyphae were more often recorded in patients without alcohol use (p = 0.012). Oral lichen planus\/lichenoid reaction and Candida hyphae in histological samples were associated with female gender and lower levels of typical risk factors, such as alcohol use and smoking, in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients. Therefore, these patients should be well monitored despite a potential lack of the classical risk factors of oral carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11070170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T08:35:47Z","timestamp":1689323747000},"page":"170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Candida in Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9802-788X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orvokki","family":"Saraneva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9080-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jussi","family":"Furuholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6079-7881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaana","family":"Hagstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Sorsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Rita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8817-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taina","family":"Tervahartiala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannamari","family":"V\u00e4limaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeVac, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hellevi","family":"Ruokonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13704","article-title":"Oral potentially malignant disorders: A consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer","volume":"27","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"El-Naggar, A.K., Chan, J.K.C., Grandis, J.R., Takata, T., and Slootweg, P.J. 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